Does social security adversely affect savings Essay

Does social security adversely affect savings - Essay Example This has therefore started a debate on the reduction of the social security taxes, much because the incentives offered through social security system are not convincing. Considering the fact that, the social security taxes deducted from the earnings of an individual are offered to the retired officers of that time, which means that, deducted amount is neither invested, and it is a source of profitability, which can be later shared with the individuals. The social security system has been meant out, only to collect amount from one end, and distribute it among other party. (Carolyn L. Weaver. Social Security's Looming Surpluses: Prospects and Implications. 1990. Longman. pp. 146) It is therefore more advisable that the individual save or invest the similar amount in some sort of business or financial scheme, and it is expected that the individual can earn appropriate amount during the period of his retirement. Critically, why should a person contribute towards such a system, which is neither investing nor offering any profit or return over the deducted amount, rather it only offers return back. (Christopher Borgman. Social Security, Demographics, and Risk. 2005. Springer Publications. pp. 174) Feldstein hasIMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM Feldstein has provided sufficient material to prove that the system of social security is responsible for decline in the accumulation of total capital. The social security system has adversely affected the domestic productivity; it is because the individual is offered with no other option but to contribute towards the social security system. It the similar contribution had been made by the individuals in banking and businesses would have improved the increased the magnitude of local financial and capital production. Feldstein has provided sufficient evidence to prove that the practice of Social Security is corrupted. It has been able to observe that the social security system is responsible for the reduction in the private saving and local investment, and therefore the magnitude of regression coefficient on the social security variable was negative. The magnitude of the regression coefficient was large enough to warn against the implementation was such exercise, because it had caused much setback for local savings. A large drop in the saving scheme has been experienced since the plan of social security was launched. It has further deplored the situation, as it is important to support and encourage personal saving, so that the activities of banks and other financial institutions can gain momentum. It is being critically evaluated whether the government bonds are based on net wealth for a society. If there is increase in the percentages of the taxes, the government is likely to borrow lesser amount from public, and it can be expected that the government might reduced the percentage of taxes in the future years. This entire system is analogous to the social security system, where the government cuts heavy rates from individuals during particular course of time, and later reduces it, and then offers the packages during the retirement period in corresponding quantities. This practice itself is not fair and appreciable, the amount of social security

Evidence based care on an Inflammatory process and therapy Assignment

Evidence based care on an Inflammatory process and therapy - Assignment Example According to Karch (2013), the etiology of RA is indefinite. However, Karch (2013) notes that pathogenesis of RA has long been exposed and explicated by researchers. RA is exhibited in human beings when "synovial cells resembling a localized tumor invades and destroys articular cartilage, subchondral bone, tendons, and ligaments" (1035). In other words, RA arises as a result of the immune system attacking the body. Though the exact cause of RA is not yet known, it is believed that permutation of genes coupled with environmental changes may prompt the onset of RA (Firestein, n.d). In individuals genetically predisposed to RA, some researchers believe that bacterial or viral infections could also prompt the onset of the disease (Firestein, n.d). According to Karrch (2013), RA development process commences with damage to small blood vessels accompanied by an elevation in the quantity of the cells making up the lining of the synovium. This is also accompanied by permeation of cells characterized by a single rounded nucleus, for instance, lymphocytes in blood vessels. Consequently, the synovium swells and subsequently extends above the surface of the joint thus forming protuberances (Karch, 2013). Symptoms of RA are majorly concentrated the foot and ankle of the affected individual. Major symptoms include swelling, reddening, softness, rigidity of the affected joints, and the affected individual in most cases also experiences exhaustion or general body weakness (Baert and Grampp, 2008). It is worth noting that joint rigidity usually occurs in the morning. Secondly, it is also important to note that practically all joints are affected by RA and hence symptoms may present themselves in all joints. There are also permanent defects such as inability to straighten the knee, wrists or fingers shift or drift in the direction of the ulna, and swan neck deformity, which is a condition whereby

Industrial building and copper material

Industrial building and copper material 1.Introduction â€Å"I grow more intense as I age.† (Florida Scott-Maxwell) Copper is one of the most durable and aesthetically pleasing roofing and cladding options available for domestic to bigger commercial and industrial buildings. The copper forms a protective barrier around it as soon as it reacts to the atmosphere. This allows the material to improve and to stand against the test of time. 2. Aim The aim of this report is to introduce the reader to copper as a roofing material in the building industry. Standing seam copper roofing and cladding to multi-storey buildings will be the focus of this report. 3. Why copper? Copper is used in the building industry because of its durability and the ease of instalment and workability. A properly installed copper roof will outlast other types of roofing systems. Copper is 100%recyclableand does not lose any quality whether in a raw state or after it was used as a manufactured product. According to the Copper Development Association (CDA. 2010), copper is one of the most recycled metals, roughly 80% of the copper ever mined is still used in some form today. 4. History of copper roofs Copper has been a very important material to man since ancient times. So much so that one of the main stages of mankinds history is named after a copper alloy, bronze-age. Copper and its many alloys have had a vital role in many civilizations. In the Roman period it was mined in Cyprus, this resulted to the metal being named Cyprium, this name was later shortened to Cuprum and ultimately we know it in English as copper. Today, most copper is mined from open cast mines around the world. The copper is extracted from smelting large amounts of copper ore, before being refined to the copper we use and know. In the early 18th century about 90% of the worlds copper was smelted in South Wales (COPPER Africa. 2010). Copper has been used as a waterproof roofing material since ancient times. It can be seen on roofs and domes on todays buildings. It is recognizable by its greenish colour. This colouring is because of the atmosphere reacting with the copper to form a protective barrier against corrosion around it. Initially, exposed Copper atoms react with the air to form the pink oxide, this is called cuprite. This slowly oxidizes more to the black oxide, called tenorite. When this black oxide gets wet it reacts with sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from the air to ultimately form the patina, which gives it a green glimmer. Technology and improved techniques make copper the perfect building material for roofing, cladding and the accessories going with roofing systems. More and more pre-fabricated copper products on the market have reduced the cost and this enabled copper to be used in more buildings than in the past. 5. Types of roofing systems. Copper roofs have been known to last for over 700 years; the substructure rather than the copper itself ultimately fails. The ductility and malleability of copper allows it to form over irregular roof forms and structures. Domes and other curved roof shapes are a speciality when it comes to copper. New tools and construction methods have been introduced that give support to the quick, correct, and cost-effective installation of copper roofs. Types of copper roofing systems include: 5.1. Standing Seam Roofing Standing seam, the most common system, roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed pans. The copper pans and are joined together with double locked standing seams. Copper cleats lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the base structure. This method prevents the pans or sheets from slipping down the roof. 5.2. Batten Seam Roofing Batten seam roofing consists of copper pans that runs parallel to the angle of the roof and is separated by wood battens. The battens are then covered with copper copings that are fixed to the battens. These copings lock the loose pans into adjacent pans. 5.3. Chevron Roofing A common Chevron roof design is based on normal batten seam construction, but secondary battens are fixed to the roof. These extra battens are purely decorative and do not add to the functionality or structure of the roof. 5.4. Flat Seam Roofing Flat seam roofing systems are generally used on roofs that are flat or have a very low pitch. Flat seam roofing is constructed of rectangular copper sheets. Two neighbouring sides of the sheets are folded over and two are folded under to lock them in place. Copper cleats are then installed seams to make the roof waterproof. 5.5. Horizontal Seam Roofing Horizontal seam roofs consist of copper pans that run horizontally across the roof pitch. At each fixing point or edge a step is used to allow neighbouring pans to lock successfully. 5.6. Mansard Roofing A Mansard roof is, based and is very similar to standing seam or batten seam construction. 6. Standing Seam Copper Roofing and Cladding Standing seam, the most common system, roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed pans. The pans and are joined together with double locked standing seams. Copper cleats lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the base structure. This method prevents the pans or sheets from slipping down the roof. When preformed copper pans are used, they are joined at the top and lower ends by slanting seams. In-situ formed pans involve the use of copper sheets on rolls which are shaped into pans by electrical pan formers. This allows one to form long, continuous pans, this eliminates the need for seams, but if this method is used, one must allow for expansion joints due to the expansion and contraction properties of the copper. 6.1. General design considerations 6.1.1. High Winds In areas where high winds occur, the roof design must be evaluated to make sure the roof can resist the wind forces. High winds can put great positive or negative pressures on roofs, especially the edges, so the detailing must ensure that the roof is secure. 6.1.2. Heavy Rain Where heavy rain is likely, the designer must give allot of thought and attention to the slope, seam details, valleys, gutters and downpipes of the roof. The seam heights can be adjusted if it is necessary. 6.1.3. Ice and Snow In areas where there is allot of ice and snow, the designer should make provision for the loads that act on the roof from the weight of the snow or ice. Increasing the slope so that the snow can slide of the roof must be considered. 6.1.4. Temperature Range When the temperature fluctuates, the copper and any adjacent materials will expand and contract in different ways. This should be taken into consideration. This is important when installing components with potential limits to movement in one direction. 6.1.5. Building Orientation Consideration should be given to the relationships between the roof and the direction wind, rain, and sun. The issues discussed above will depend on the orientation of the building. 6.1.6. Staining Staining occurs when water that was in contact with the copper runs of and gets absorbed by other materials. Staining of the other materials can be avoided with good design. Copper salts form on the surface of a copper sheet due to the natural weathering of copper. When these salts are mixed with rain water and the water run on to other materials, it will cause the typical green stains. To prevent such stains, the designer must take all option into consideration to prevent run-off onto other adjacent materials. One can use a clear, silicon-based finish on cement surfaces to help protect the surface during the first and most harsh weathering of the copper. 6.1.7. Patination The natural weathering process that leads to the green patina to form on the exposed copper takes allot of years. There are processes available to speed up this process. 6.2. Material 6.2.1. Types of copper in the building industry Copper in the building industry is 99.9 % pure copper. There are three different types of copper used in the building industry, namely: 6.2.1.1. Deoxidized copper This is copper that contains no oxygen. It is used in plumbing applications where welding is required or for engineering purposes. 6.2.1.2. Fire refined tough pitch copper This copper contains oxygen and is stronger than deoxidized copper. It has higher thermal and electrical conductivity and has a higher resistance to corrosion than deoxidized copper. This type of copper is used mainly for roof and cladding applications. 6.2.1.3. Electrolytic tough pitch copper This copper contains fewer impurities than fire refined tough pitch copper and is used for electrical conductors because of its high. 6.2.1.4. Lead-Coated Copper Lead-coated copper is a strong, lightweight, durable and easy to install, gray metal finish option of copper. It does not add to the life of a copper roof, but it provided another colour to architectural copper applications. In-addition, the gray finish offers a solution to the staining issue. The run-off of this metal is less than that of conventional copper, and it doesnt stain the other materials. 6.2.2. Hardness in Copper Sheets 6.2.2.1. Quarter-hard is defined by its ability to be bent back onto itself along the grain boundary without breaking. 6.2.2.2. Half-hard can be bent 90 °. 6.2.2.3. Soft is good for decorative applications. The hardness of the metal determines the application. If your copper project involves supporting any kind of weight, stick to harder tempers. 6.2.3. Cold Rolled Copper Sheets Copper comes in many forms and strengths. It is very important to specify the correct grading and type of copper to be used with the specific application. Copper used for a standing seam roofing system comes as a sheet, rolled up in a spool, called roofing copper (Copalcor). The width of the sheet is 600mm and comes in thicknesses of 0.50 to 0.70mm. 6.2.4. Corrosion Resistance Copper does not respond to water, but it gradually reacts with the oxygen in the atmosphere. This results in a brown-black copper oxide deposit forming on the surface. This creates a protective layer on the surface that prevents the copper against additional corrosion. Verdigris, a green layer of copper carbonate can be seen on aged copper constructions, like on the Statue of Liberty. 6.2.5. Electrical and Thermal Conductivity Copper and its alloys are excellent conductors of electricity and heat. Copper is the most common of all metals in these applications because of its great properties. Copper alloys have less electrical and thermal conductivity than pure copper. 6.2.6. Ease of Fabrication Copper can be shaped to the required form and dimensions by any of the common fabricating processes. It is normally rolled, pressed, extruded, forged and formed at high temperatures. 6.2.7. Joining Mechanical fasteners, such as screws, bolts, and rivets are the simplest joining method. They typically do not need specific tools for installation, and it can be taken apart and be reassembled again. Adhesives can also be used in some applications. The strength and reliability of the bond depends on the surface preparation, adhesive selection, and the design of the joint. The three common ways of joining copper and alloys are soldering, brazing, and welding. Where a water tight seal is required, soldering may be used. Lead or tin-based filler metals are typically used. Soldered joints typically depend on mechanical fasteners for strength. This method is used for sealing joints in gutters, roofing, and flashings. Because the filler material does not match copper in colour, soldering should just be used in hidden joints. Brazing is the most preferred method for joining copper pipes and tubes. Colour matching is a problem again. The final metallurgical joining method, welding, is seldom used with copper. Welding uses high temperature or pressure to fuse the metals together. 6.2.8. Finishes There are three generic categories of finishes for copper alloys. 6.2.8.1. Mechanical treatments Mechanical treatments are finishes that are typically applied at the shop by mechanical means. They usually affect only the surface of the copper. There are five standard mechanical designated finishes: * As Fabricated: This is the finish after its production process, such as rolling, extrusion, or casting. * Buffed: Polishing the copper to a smooth, mirror-like appearance. This is the brightest mechanical finish available. * Directional Textured: Wheel or belt polishing with fine aggregates is required for this finish and results in a continuous pattern of very fine, almost parallel scratches. * Non-directional Textured: This matte finish is mainly used on castings. The copper is usually sandblasted to achieve a certain degree of roughness. * Patterned: A process in which a copper alloy sheet is pressed between two rolls to produce a pattern. 6.2.8.2. Chemical treatments 6.2.8.3. Coatings. 6.3. Preparation 6.3.1. Surface Preparation The surface preparation is the same for all copper roofing systems. The surface must be dry, smooth and free from any sharp edges or objects like nails or screws. 6.3.2. Supporting Substrate Standing seam roofing and cladding requires the installation of a backing substructure that support the copper finish layer, This substrate usually consists of 20 – 22mm S.A.P tongue and grooved boarding fixed to the main structure. However, any substrate can be installed, as long as the copper has the necessary support. Other backing options include: * Chipboard * Plywood This decking can be fixed to any main structure like steel or concrete. The design must, however, provide for the installation and fixing of the wood substrate. 6.3.3. Fastening the pans to the substrate There are three ways of fixing the copper sheets to the substrate namely: 6.3.3.1. Cleating This is the most frequently used fixing method, because it allows the copper to move, because of expansion and compression under different temperatures. Cleating minimizes the potential for buckling. The cleats are usually spaced at a minimum of 600mm centre to centre and are fixed to the substructure with 2.8 x 22 mm copper clout-headed nails. 6.3.3.2. Nailing Nails are used to fix the cleats to the substrate or in special cases where no movement is wanted, usually at base flashing or at eave strips. Only one edge of a strip should be nailed, to allow movement at the other end of the stip. All nails should be flathead, wire slating nails made from hard copper, brass, or bronze. 6.3.3.3. Screwing This method is used where the copper must be held in place, such as at a ridge cap in areas with high winds. It is also used to secure copper to brickwork. Screws must have a wide or big head to prevent the screw from cutting into the copper. Lead washers may be used for additional protection. Where the screw must be water tight, a small copper cap is soldered over the screw head. All fasteners must be of copper or copper alloys to prevent the different materials to react with each other and speed up the corrosion process. 6.3.4. Roofing Felt The entire surface should be covered with an accepted and properly specified underlay material secured to the decking with copper clout nails. The underlay, which is usually soaked roofing felt, acts as a pillow, as well as providing temporary weather protection for the roof deck. A sheet of building paper must be applied over the felt. Some roofing felt contains tarmac and, because copper conduct heat, the rising temperatures can cause the tarmac to melt and bond the copper to the roofing felt. This restricts the movement of the copper roof and can result in the failure of the system. The building paper acts as a slip sheet to prevent such bonding. 6.4. Equipment and Tools 6.4.1. Pan formers and seamers A wide selection of power pan formers and power seamers are available to help with the construction of copper roofs. Power pan formers can take flat sheets of copper and make standing seam roofing pans on site. The machines form high quality, consistent pans in any length. The length is only limited by the contractors ability to transport and handle the material. Pan formers can work with various sheet widths and can make pans with varying seam heights. The standing seam is typically 150mm high. Power seamers are used to produce finished standing or batten seams. The seamers clamp onto the sheet of copper and then propel themselves under electrical power to form the seam. They can form seams of almost any length. 6.4.2. Panel curving machine This machine allows the contractor to curve the panels to any radius. Convex or concave forms can be curved. 6.4.3. Gutter forming machine This machine allows the contractor to make gutters on site and install them in workable lengths or sections. 6.5. Construction and Detailing This birds-eye view of a standing seam copper roof shows the basic concept. 6.5.1. Pans Standing seam roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed pans. Copper cleats lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the base structure. This method prevents the pans or sheets from slipping down the roof. 0.6 mm Copper sheeting with a width of 600 mm is used to form the pans. The end product is pans of 510 mm wide that is joined by forming a 30 mm double welded standing seam as shown below. 6.5.2. The Standing Seam System 6.5.3. Detail at Parapet Wall A copper coping is attached to the higher edge of copper siding using a single lock seam. This cover extends over the parapet and is fixed into a continuous lock strip that is on the back side of the parapet wall. 6.5.4. Stepped Flashing Detail Stepped flashing is used where a sloped roof meets a masonry wall. A typical example is where a brick chimney rises above a roof. The details shown concentrate on such chimney flashings, but apply to other situations as well. There are two ways of installing stepped flashings. One type uses pieces of copper base flashing installed with each course of shingles. The second, most common type uses a single copper runner under the roof covering. This runner is attached before the roofing material is installed. The roof portion of this runner flashing has a hooked edge and is cleated at 300 mm c.c. The base flashing is extended up the wall a minimum of 170 mm (two bricks). This requires the cap flashing to be in two pieces, a flashing and a counter flashing. This stepped flashing is used on the two sloped sides of the chimney. The lower sides are flashed with a copper apron that covers the roof covering. 6.5.5. Detail at Valley This detail shows an option for resolving the waterproofing at a valley of a standing seam roof. The copper roofing overlaps the valley flashing a minimum of 150mm and is folded and fixed into a continuous copper strip. The locking strip is soldered to the valley flashing. An alternative option is to use a double fold in the valley flashing, as a replacement for of a locking strip. Both methods are shown. 6.5.6. Detail at Hip This detail shows a standing seam of a copper hip roof. This method allows the standing seam to be hidden by a ridge cap which allows for both a clean facade and weather tight seal. 6.5.7. Detail at Gutter The detail shows the recommended method for the installation of a gutter with copper roofs. A copper gutter is supported by a brass bracket. The upper edge of the gutter extends at least 150 mm onto the roof and is folded over and held by cleats at 300 mm c.c. Copper braces at 750 mm centres can be placed at the mid-points between brackets. If the gutter width is more than 150 mm or in areas with ice and snow, brass straps should also be used to increase the strength of the gutter. These must extend at least 150 mm onto the roof. The area around screws and the strap must be soldered to ensure water tightness. 6.5.8. Detail at Ridge Two options of detailing a ridge are shown. The seams are laid to overlap a minimum of 150 mm from the ridge. InDetail 1, a copper ridge cap is used to fix the standing seams along the ridge. The ridge cap is locked into the top edges of the copper pans. This allows for expansion and contraction. InDetail 2, the ridge is created by a wood batten that is cladded with a copper cap. 12.1.1. Detail at Gable 12.1.2. Expansion Great care must be given to the contraction and the expansion of copper due to the thermal characteristics of the material. Detail should always allow for expansion and contraction. 6.6. Maintenance Because of coppers long life as a building material it is exposed to long term pollutants or dirt. The main problem of cleaning copper roofing is that you can permanently stain or damage the copper. The cleaning methods of copper have been perfected over many years. 6.6.1. To remove encrusted dirt deposits The most common cleaning method is to blow the surface with Walnut shell dust at a pressure of about 2 3 bar. This forces the dirt crust to lift off the surface without damaging the copper. 6.6.2. To clean unevenly patinated copper: Use a sponge to clean the copper. Use a mixture of six parts concentrated phosphoric acid to one part concentrated nitric acid diluted by 50 percent distilled water. Leave the acid solution on the copper for one minute. After the minute wash the roof again with a sponge soaked in sodium bicarbonate solution. Rinse of all the acid with fresh water afterwards. Then you apply ammonium oxalate as a second neutralizer to even out any remains left by the first neutralizer. Rinse off with fresh water afterwards and wipe the cleaned copper with a clean cotton cloth until no colour shows on the cloth. Wipe the surface again with a cloth soaked with mineral spirits until no colour shows on the cloth. Apply a thin coat of carnauba wax. When the wax wears off, the copper will start its repatination again. This procedure can be used when you replace sections of a patinated copper roof or when you do an addition to an existing copper roof. Treating the existing copper roof will let the new addition patinate together with the existing roof, resulting in an even colour for both the old and the new roofs. 7. Availability When people think about installing a new roof, copper is not a material that normally comes to mind. Nevertheless, copper has been used on roofs for centuries. The one big disadvantage of copper in South-Africa is that it is expensive and that copper is a material that is stolen and sold for money all around the country. Copper is a good roofing option and there are many locally available manufacturers. One of the biggest suppliers of copper products is Copalcor. â€Å"Copalcor offers solutions incorporating a wide range of rolled, extruded and forged non-ferrous metal products for the local and international market. Through ongoing development and expansion the company maintains its position as a leader in the field of service to South African strategic industries and continues to grow as an exporter worldwide† (Copalcor, 2010) Copper roofing is a very specialized industry and therefore there is not such a wide variety of copper roofing contractors available in South-Africa. A few manufacturers and contactors are: Clotan Steel (Pty) Ltd. Global Roofing Solutions (Pty) Ltd. Cupric Tectonics. 8. Cost Copper is a very expensive building material. Because copper roofs are very expensive compared to conventional tile roofs, the demand of copper roofs is not so high in South-Africa. Copper is considered a specialized roof and is therefore a specialized construction, this makes copper roofing expensive. If you consider that a copper roof will outlast almost any other roof and that copper is 100% recyclable, it will be a good investment or addition to any building. It requires almost no maintenance that keeps the cost down. The initial cost for the construction and installation of a copper roof is high but the advantages over shadow the price of the roof. 9. Case study 9.1. Freedom Park //hapo Museum Category: Culture Location: Pretoria, South-Africa Architect: Office of Collaborative Architects GAPP Architects / Urban Designers; Mashabane Rose Associates; MMA Architects, Johannesburg, South Africa Design Architect: Jeremy Rose Project Architect: Dieter Brandt 9.1.1. Project Description The vision for //hapo (the dream), an interpretive centre and Pan-African archive, was to provide an interactive exhibition space which would convey the history of South Africa over 3.6 billion years. The faà §ade of the building is completely clad with copper sheeting. Frans du Toit, managing director of Cupric Tectronics, said that Freedom Park is the first copper-clad building of its size in South Africa. â€Å"Installing the roof sheeting was challenging because there are so many detailed design elements,† says du Toit. â€Å"We used a specialised machine that rolled the copper into long, straight sheets that were placed directly onto the building.† The contractor had to change their normal installation methods to suit the specific needs of the design. Because there are almost no straight lines, the installation had some degree of difficulty. Copper, which fades over time and is already showing visible colour differences on the facade of Freedom Park, was chosen for a number of reasons. Dieter Brandt says that: â€Å"Copper is an African resource,† â€Å"The idea is that the material will age over time and the patina gives a sense of ancientness. We wanted a material with monochromatic feel and we needed a material to blend in with the brickwork that is typical to Salvokop rail village. The metaphor of boulders is enhanced by the varying stages at which the weathering of each copper-clad boulder that is exposed to prevailing weather takes place,† says Brandt. 9.1.2. Construction The specialists in copper roofing and cladding, Cupric Tectonics, used 70 tonnes of copper on the roof and side cladding of the building. The 0.6 mm copper sheets was profiled and installed on site, directly on the building. Over 9000 m2 of area was covered with copper supplied by Copalcor. The material is 99% pure phosphorous deoxidized copper alloy. (ASTM B152C 12200 half hard copper). A team of 16 well trained specialists worked on the project to complete the copper installations to the building. This was done to ensure that the long pans did not bend out of shape before it could be installed. The copper forms a natural wave like look, also known as â€Å"oil canning†. A state of the art Schlebach manufactured Quadro and profile machine was used to form the pans of the building. The machine was placed on the scaffolding so that the pans could be placed directly on the building for installation. The method used to install the copper to the building is called double standing seam system. This system is based on concealed fixing which means that there is no fixing through the sheets ensuring a water tight seal that will last for many years Due to the size of the building and because the copper pans are formed on site, large pans could be made and fitted directly onto the building. On site, pans are formed by using copper in flat sheets on rolls which are bent into pans by electrical pan formers. Long pans can be made that eliminates the need for transverse seams. Long Pan construction details are designed to accommodate for the movement as a result of the expansion and contraction over long spans of copper sheets. The points of stress relief are typically accommodated at eaves, transverse joints (if any), and ridge and base conditions by ensuring that the copper sheet is provided with proper clearances and is secured by expansion fastening devices that will not obstruct thermal Particular building dynamics should be considered before specific copper details are designed. Building expansion joints must be accommodated and properly detailed. Also, building orientation should be taken into consideration. A north sloping roof, for example, will gain more heat than a south sloping roof. All roof penetrations should allow for expansion in the same amounts as the roof panels, voids or spaces should be filled with loose insulation or compressible joint filler 10. Conclusion Copper has been use as a roofing material since ancient times. Technology and improved techniques make copper the perfect building material for roofing, cladding and the accessories going with roofing systems. More and more pre-fabricated copper products on the market have reduced the cost and this enabled copper to be used in more buildings than in the past. Standing Seam Construction offers many advantages. The greatest advantages are that it creates a water tight seal because of no sheets are penetrated with concealed fixing and this allows for fast construction that reduces labour costs. Copper Standing Seam construction is a long lasting roof construction with a life time of changing aesthetics.

The Church of Scientology: Copyright vs. Free Speech -- Legal Law Essa

The Church of Scientology: Copyright vs. Free Speech Abstract: In 1995, the Church of Scientology sued a number of parties, including the Washington Post, in an attempt to prevent the circulation of secret documents about the â€Å"religion.† This paper examines both sides of this issue, explores the implications to copyright law and the First Amendment, and describes the actual results of the case. The Church of Scientology is a global organization with over 270 churches or missions worldwide. For decades, it has possessed followers with an almost fanatical devotion to their leader, L. Ron Hubbard. Since the advent of the Internet, the Church has begun to resort to various legal actions to maintain the secrecy of their â€Å"scriptures.† On August 4, 1995, Arnaldo Lerma received a fax from a lawyer representing the Church of Scientology. This letter demanded that he remove from his webpage certain â€Å"Advanced Technology materials† from the Church. In the letter, the Church claimed both copyright and trade secret protection for the materials [1]. The next day, Lerma received an unannounced visit from two members of the Church who wanted to express their â€Å"concern† over the materials he posted. In response to this, Lerma sent a reply to the Scientologists’ lawyer and claimed that the materials he posted were affidavits taken from the public record, and so were not subject to copyright or trade secret protection. He also informed the law firm that he had sent a copy of the disputed materials along with a tape recording of the Scientologists’ visit to a reporter from the Washington Post [2]. On the morning of August 12, 1995, Arnie Lerma’s house was raided by lawyers of the Church of Scientology two armed Federal Marshals. A... ...mputer Seized in Internet Lawsuit.† Washington Post, 13 Aug 1995. 5. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kspaink/cos/rnewman/lerma/cos-sues-washpost-8.22.95: A press released issued by the Church of Scientology on August 22, 1995. 6. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.text.html: Title 17, Section 107 of the U.S. Code 7. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kspaink/cos/rnewman/media/bj-8.25.95: A posting to the Usenet group alt.religion.scientology regarding the 25 Aug 1995 hearing before Judge Leonie Brinkema. 8. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kspaink/cos/rnewman/lerma/brinkema-post-11.28.95: An opinion issued by Judge Leonie Brinkema on 28 Nov 1995. 9. Hall, Charles W. â€Å"Church of Scientology Wins Cyberspace Copyright Fight.† Washington Post, 20 Jan 1996. 10. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kspaink/cos/rnewman/media/bj-10.8.96: An opinion issued by Judge Leonie Brinkema on 8 Oct 1996.

Compare and Contrast Yakuza and the Triads

Crime in Japan also involves the Yakuza and the Triads. There are similarities between the Yakuza and the Triads. On the other hand, there are differences between the Yakuza and the Triads. the following paragraphs explain in detail the similarities and differences between the two organized crime groups. BODY: Similarities between the Yakuza and the Triads Both the Yakuza and the Triad were formed under a â€Å"family† styled program. The Yakuza was organized under a family relationship. The Yakuza is sometimes described as the Japanese mafia. The Mafia had a Godfather at the top and the other members of Yakuza are called brothers or children. The Yakuza goes even deeper with the implementation of the unique Japanese relationship described as â€Å"father role and a child role†. In the Yakuza, the ‘father' gives advice to the members in terms of protection and help. In answer, the members of the Yakuza group pledge unswerving loyalty to the Yakuza leader. The Yakuza member is called a Kobun. The Yakuza environment is filled with trust, loyalty and obedience to the Yakuza organization. The new members are expected to act as shields for their leaders by staying at the front in case of battles, conflicts with the law or otherwise. It is customary for the new members to take the blame and even go to jail for the oyabun's (leader's) crime. Likewise, the Triad members must support each other in times of good and in times of bad. This is how the real family works. Clearly, Both the Yakuza and the Triad were formed under a â€Å"family† styled program. Further, both the triads and Yakuza implement formal ceremonies to accept a new member. The Yakuza members drink a cup of sake to formalize entering into the blood connection between the ‘godfather' and the other members of the group. This is known as the oyabun -kobun or leader – follower relationship. The Yakuza ceremony is done in front of the Japanese god Shinto. The Triads also accept their new recruits in a ceremony characterized by the killing of a rooster, drawing blood from the new recruit's fingers and the new recruit's skin to symbolize a new blood relationship among its leaders and members . Evidently, both the triads and Yakuza implement formal ceremonies to accept a new member. Furthermore, both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood. Each member of both groups support their leaders with their lives. Some people join the Yakuza or the triad because there is power in numbers. Both groups are engaged in illegal activities like guns, drugs as well as women trafficking . Surely, both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood. Differences between the Yakuza and the Triads on the Other Hand. The Chinese Triad members in Hong Kong help each other in times of need in a less serious way than the Yakuza brotherhood. The Triad members are less strict in terms of organizational discipline than the Yakuza society. Not all Triad members are gangsters. Likewise, not all gangsters are triad members. Small Triad groups give undying loyalty to their leader. The members of the triad do favors for one another and engage in criminal activities together in a less formal relationship. On the other hand, the Yakuza members are bound by their pledge to protect the leader and implement the Yakuza laws to the letter. Undoubtedly, the Chinese triad members in Hong Kong help each other in times of need in a less serious way than the Yakuza brotherhood. In addition, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Today, there are more than eighty thousand Yakuza members around the world. Some Politicians in Japan hire Yakuza members to keep their political opponents at bay. The Yakuza owned nightclubs in China to real estate properties in New York. The Yakuza developed companies by rigging the juicy bidding processes to win many construction projects. Later, the Yakuza diversified its activities during the unprofitable economic bubble burst in the 1990s. The Yakuza racked up billions of U. S. dollars from loans that the banks could not recover during the bubble. The Yakuza has the money to hire the best lawyers and as many lawyers as it wants in order to pile up their winning streak many of their cases filed in the Japanese courts. The Yakuza has been spread its choke hold into many other countries including the United States. Over seven hundred forty offices were controlled by the Yakuza in the busy Tokyo scene . The Triad only operated in Hong Kong with its outstretched arms influencing its neighbors. Unquestionably, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Plus, the Yakuza originally operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been operating for more than one hundred fifty years in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong triad (now a province of China) is known as the Chinese Mafia. Today, the Triad is highly organized and has spread under a centralized underworld organization where it holds excessive criminal influence over Hong Kong and other other countries. Definitely, the Yakuza originally operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been operating for more than one hundred fifty years in Hong Kong. The Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty years ago as a legal organization. The Triad was established originally as a mutual aid association with the end in mind of resolving peacefully conflicts the migratory differences among the different groups in the southern regions of Fujian province in China during the eighteenth century. The Chinese triad are bound by their paramount subculture that involves powerful patriotism and unquestionable righteousness. Later, these subcultures were rooted out so that the new subculture of loyalty to the triad group and brotherhood would be wedged into the hearts of the triad members. currently, patriotism has been set to the burner because the triad had dropped down to its current criminal gang activities . On the other hand, the Yakuza started as a crime -engaging organization. The Yakuza continues to be a crime -engaging organization. Obviously, the Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty years ago as a legal organization. CONCLUSION: Crime in Japan also involves the Yakuza and the Triads. There are similarities between the Yakuza and the Triads. Both the Yakuza and the Triad were formed under a â€Å"family† styled program. Further, both the triads and Yakuza implement formal ceremonies to accept a new member. Furthermore, both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood of lawlessness. On the other hand, there are differences between the Yakuza and the Triads. The Chinese triad of Hong Kong help each other in times of need in a less serious way than the Yakuza brotherhood. In addition, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Plus, the Yakuza originally operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been operating for more than one hundred fifty years in Hong Kong. The Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty years ago as a legal organization. Conclusively, there are similarities and differences between the Yakuza and the Triad. Works Cited Chu, Yiu Kong. The Triads as Business. London: Routledge, 2000. Gilmer, Lillian Roe. â€Å"Japan's Communications Interception Act: Unconstitutional Invasion of Privacy or Necessary Tool?.† Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 35.3 (2002): 893+ Hill, Peter B. E. The Japanese Mafia: Yakuza, Law, and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Kaplan, David E., and Alec Dubro. Yakuza: Japan's Criminal Underworld. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.

Local environment in forest park district, Wuhan

Thesis statement: Barbecues have negative impacts on the environment because barbecues polluted the air and lake and also harmed the ecosystem in the forest park by decreasing the area of habitats and number of species.Abstract: The purpose of this research was to find the influence that human had in this area. The methods of this research were to investigate the local environment. The findings of this research were show the quality of the air and water and some living things in this area. The result of this research was to determine that the pollution was caused by human activities. The conclusion of this research was that human should do something to protect the environment.Introduction:  The purpose of this report was to find the influence that human had in this area. The five measurable objectives were the quality of air, water, soil, the population in this area and the number of plants or animals. The location is forest park district, Wuhan. The thesis statement of this report is that if want to access the human impact on the area and the area is measured and then the human impact can be determined.Methodology:  First of all, a map of PengLai Park was drawn and be explained. Then two trees, two bushes and two animals were being classified and searched on the internet. A food web and a food chain were not observed. After that, detailed the plants and animals distribution by using the quadrant method. Firstly, a 10m time’s 10m box was made up by two l0 meters long ropes. And then, the locations of each box which used in this research were recorded. Thirdly, the number of organisms that existed in the box were counted by four people and be recorded. After that, a picture of the location and all the things that appear in the box was been taken. By using the eyes and noses to determine the quality of the local air, water, and soil. The things that have done to the area in terms of pollution were by looking around their behavior.Findings:  Sands and clays have been found and the road was made up with cements. The majority plants exist in the park Chinese Sweet Gum and Zelkova  Schneiderina. A large amount of plants in this park were planted by human. The majority plants exist in the park were birdsand cats and human being. There was few living animals exist in the pool, nevertheless, there were still some aquatic plants exist in the pool. The food chain and food web was not observed.The local quality of air, water and soil were not very well because the environment is polluted by human effect such as smoking. Besides, there were lots of garbage throws by the neighbors who live nearby and nobody clean them in time. What is more, the water in the pool was really smells bad so that we can found out the quality of water is poor. Last but not least, some plants show the poor quality of the soil and it was damaged seriously. In a word, the local environment was damaged and polluted.According the data from these two tables, they sh ow that the average amount of the plants b is 5, and the average amount of the animals is 1. On the other hand, the total area of the park is about 27602 meter squares. The  total number of plants was 138010 and there were 27602 animals existed. These information shows that there is a few plants and animals exist in this area because of the pollution. Moreover, the number of plants and animals is not changeable.According to the pollution caused by human being, it is easy to determine that human lead to some severe consequences. For example, the garbage all around the park and nobody clean them, the poor quality of air and water. However, people who live nearby did something to protect this area and to improve the poor environment. Though there are lots of drawbacks, but humans are still try to something for this area so that can make the quality of their life become better. Since different living things have its own habitats and habits so that they live in the different area. By u sing the quadrant method, it shows some area have more living things than others.Discussion:  The information of the finding part shows the several following things. First of all, the environment is not very well; the quality of water and air is poor, the soil shows the bad consequence of the environment in this area. On the other hand, it shows how human's impact on the park’s environment, such as throwing garbage anywhere, but also human did some good things to protect the environment. The finding supports the idea of what average people thought. The park is polluted, and it causes the decreasing of the plants and animals. The garbage which was thrown by neighbors who lived nearby also worsens the pollution. Furthermore, some planting areas were destroyed by human as well.The information which given by methodology is very valuable for this research. For example, the Quadrant Method helps to found out the total number of the living plants and animals and it offers a huge c onvenience. Besides, the observation done by the groups showed how human impact on the local environment. The sense of sight and smell also help to determine the quality of air. The Secchi Disk is not used in this research because the water in the pool was not deep enough.Conclusion:  The information in the findings can prove the thesis statement and the data was used to analysis the human impact on the local environment. As an  artificial park, most of the stuff in there was built by human being. It was a place with high rate of human activities so that there were so much pollution and damage. The high rate of human activities is also the reason there lots of garbage in the park. The information about the park can also be used to help protect the environment of the park. As a citizen of Wuhan, human should try the best to protect the environment and the government should think some solutions such as let some volunteers to clean the park in time and so on. In brief, no matter ho w poor the environment is, humans should take good care of it.

Doctrine of Caveat Emptor Essays

Doctrine of Caveat Emptor Essays Doctrine of Caveat Emptor Paper Doctrine of Caveat Emptor Paper In general, it was believed that the business have the duty responsibility to provide products that fulfill the claims that the business explicitly made about the products on the markets to their consumers. Consumers form expectations about the products they are going to buy based on those claims and thus, leads them enter into a buying contract. The company has the duty to provide consumers what they pay for. However, consumers today were assumed to be wise, knowledgeable and doubtful. The doctrine of caveat emptor, meaning â€Å"let the buyer beware†, proclaims that consumers were entitled to buy at their own risk unless a warranty is given by the sellers. It was because that the consumers nowadays have their absolute right to choose what they want to buy freely; therefore, they were expected to take the responsibility to inspect and check any potential buying carefully based on their own judgment and were asked to accept the risk that the products have the possibility to be either defective or unsuitable to their needs. Products with this information prevented sellers or manufactures from any lawsuit regarding to consumers’ negligence and carelessness during the buying or using processes that the consumers might get injured when they use the products they bought. Anyhow, the doctrine of caveat emptor is not designed to protect the sellers/manufacturers who trying to concealed any hidden defects or making misleading claims about the quality or condition of the products they sold that may amounting to fraud and bad faith of the company so consumers must clearly know their rights and be alert to any possible scams. Nevertheless, product safety is an ethical obligation nowadays, so the products were assumed to be safe for ordinary use all the time. Product liability comprises â€Å"all claims or action brought for personal inquiry, death, or property damage caused by the manufacture, design, formula, preparation, assembly, installation, testing, warnings, instructions, marketing, packaging, or labeling of any product† according to Section 102(2) of Uniform Product Liability Act. Although the consumers are still required to check upon buying, the responsibilities of sellers and manufacturers upon products safety were increased even more in this modern trend. Hence, there are few ethical theories regarding to product liability can be discuss here. The social contract theory that connected modern moral with political theory was first introduced by the 17th century British philosopher Thomas Hobbes. He had came out with a view of psychological egoism which held that one’s actions are motivated by self-desires. Everything one does is solely prompted by the desire to better one’s situation, and to satisfied as many of one’s desires as possible. Human beings are eternally appetitive and truly only concerned with their own interests. An action that seems selfless might still contains the element of selfishness. For example one who donates to the charity might still enjoy the feeling of control over others at the same time. Therefore, the theory of psychological egoism sustained that eventually the most important factors which driving the human’s acts is their own interests. On top of this founding, Hobbes had developed the social contract theory. It was one of a kind of the normative theory. The social contract theory can be related to the â€Å"rule-ethical-egoism†. It indicated that an individual is well off to live in a moral-based society than a society with no moral rules. Without the existence of moral rules, people were threatened by others’ selfish interests at a continual risk no matter their property, prestige, families, or even their lives. The selfishness of each individual will therefore prompted to an adoption of a fundamental set of rules for a more civilized world. These rules prohibited any criminal acts like lying, robbing or killing that might threaten individual safety. In other words, these rules will safe guard any individual from getting harm by others’ selfishness once the rules enforced. Human beings as selfish creatures would keep trying to take advantage of others and therefore, a policing agency must be set up to punish those who break the rules. Individual relies on one another to keep the agreements but a third party is still needed to supervise the situations so as to ensure that no one is breaking the rules or harming each other. In need of governance, individuals agree to form a government that was empowered to enforce the rules and regulations upon those who go against the agreements by giving up some of their social power. The social contract theory holds that manufacturers/sellers’ duty to provide products that are safe to use is determined by the agreements between the sellers and consumers. It consisted of the implicit and explicit agreements that supervise the liability between manufacturers/sellers and consumers which stated that a business have the obligation to provide the products that fulfill the claims that the sellers explicitly made about the products’ safety level to the consumers or the claims that the sellers implicitly made when marketing the products which its safety level is well known. Express warranty claims the facts about the products and become part of the sales agreement while implied warranty claims that the goods sold must fit to the ordinary use. Social contract theory is supported by two important philosophies. First, utilitarian stated that society overall happiness will be increased by complying with the agreements that made between manufacturers/sellers and consumers; second, Kantian said that it is deceiving and disrespecting others if the agreements are fail to be kept. According to the social contract theory, there are some duties that the manufacturers/sellers should accomplish. The first one is to obey the conditions of sales agreement. It indicates the products offered have to be safe for original purpose. Second, products’ related information such as reliability, maintainability of the products and etc must be disclosed. The third is to prevent any misleading information about the products that may confuse the consumers and the fourth is to avoid the use of force and excessive influence. The due care theory holds the idea that the consumers and manufacturers/sellers cannot be considered as equal and the consumers’ interests are susceptible to be harmed by the manufacturers/sellers who have better knowledge and expertise of the products that the consumers don’t have. Therefore besides the obligation of sending products that fulfills the implied and express claims the sellers made about the products, they also have the obligation to exercise due care to protect consumers from being injured by the use of the products that the seller can reasonably foresee even if such responsibilities had been explicitly disclaimed and consumers had agreed to the disclaimer. Thus, the manufacturers/sellers were held to be liable for the consumers’ cost of injuries if they failed to practice the due care. The theory also claimed that the manufacturers/sellers practice adequate supervision to the consumers only when they take reasonable steps to prevent any harms that they can predicted the use and any other possible misuse of products may have on consumers. Manufacturers/sellers are required pay extra attention to the product’s designs, choice of product materials, anufacturing processes, quality control during productions, and the cautions, labels and instructions attached to the products. Failure to exercise these steps has breached the moral obligations of due care, manufacturers/sellers are considered to be negligence. However, manufacturers/sellers are not morally negligence if the consumers are injured by the products but the harm was the one that couldn’t be predicted or prevented before the purchases. Manufacturers/sellers are also not morally negligence if they fulfilled all the sufficient steps to protect consumers and make sure that the consumers are aware of any irremovable risks of the products. For example a car manufacturer is not morally negligent when consumers misuse the cars that the manufacturer produced unless the manufacturer allow any excessive risks of the cars’ design that the consumers aren’t expected to know about and prevent it from happening. Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine whether the due care towards product safety has been exercised by the manufacturers for the consumers’ sake and how far the manufacturers must go to assure the products’ safety. The due care theory emphasize more on manufacturers’ conducts rather than the products’ quality; therefore according to the legal law, consumers must have sufficient evidences that the manufacturer failed to exercise due care rather than the evidences of products’ defects. The social cost theory is the fundamental of the doctrine of strict product liability. In accordance to the social cost theory, manufacturers will have the legal responsibilities to pay the costs for any damages or injuries of the consumers which brought about by the defects in the products which made the products excessively dangerous even though the manufacturers had practiced all the due care that related to the products’ designs, manufacture, quality control and packaging and had warned the consumers of every risks related to the products’ usage which the manufacturers can reasonably predicted. Under the doctrine of strict product liability, manufacturers are liable to all the damages even if they have not been negligent in allowing the defects to happen. However the strict liability is not an absolute liability because the products have to be defective and the consumers have to be accountable in exercise care. Besides, there are some criticisms about the strict product liability. It was asserted that to the manufacturers, the doctrine was relatively unfair. It was persisted that a business that had taken every reasonable precautious in order to prevent and get rid of any possible defects that might damage consumers’ interests, shouldn’t be held liable for the defects that they have no ability to prevent it from happening. It seems to be unjust for the manufacturers to be held for the defects that happened notwithstanding they had tried their best efforts to guard against them. On the other hand, the strict product liability is justified by the utilitarian. The first argument is that the utilitarian proponents that the businesses will only make their extreme efforts to ensure the product safety with the promotion of such policy like strict product liability. This was due to the facts that they know they will have to liable for any damages and injuries defects, so they will try their best efforts to intensify the safety of products. The second argument is that the utilitarian contended that it will be best that the manufacturers to bear the costs of damages and injuries due to defects of the products. The manufactures will usually raise the products’ prices in order to cover the costs of injuries. These costs will then directly spread among all the consumers on the market rather than falling on a single individual which can be said as a kind of insurance plan. The social cost theory is a theory that explained the manufacturers’ obligation to provide products that are safe to use rather than a theory that specified on who should bear the costs of injuries. The manufacturers owned absolute obligation to provide products that are free from defects according to the doctrine. These theories had so far enforced the business to perform their part to ensure that the products that they provide to the consumers are fit for the purpose, at the same time, safe for use. However in the real world, there was numerous numbers of cases which had been brought out for judgments. For example, a seventy-nine-year-old lady Stella Liebeck successfully sued McDonald’s for compensation. She was suffered from a third degree burns on her thighs and buttocks which she may need to require a skin grafting surgery and may leave her permanent scars because of a cup of McDonald’s hot coffee that spilled on her. At first, Liebeck intended to ask to the McDonald’s for a claim for the medical charges that she spend and also an additional sum of money for her suffering but the company rejected, so the lady brought up the case to the court. Lawyers who represented McDonald’s claimed that the coffee wasn’t unreasonably hot and Liebeck should responsible for her own injuries. However, the court jury refuted McDonald’s claims using two significant points. First, the McDonald’s coffee was served at 185 degrees Fahrenheit which was both undrinkable and even more dangerous than the consumers could expect. Second, McDonald’s had received over seven hundred complaints for its burning coffee before Liebeck brought up the case to the court. Although McDonald’s had actually printed the cautious label on the coffee cups to remind the consumers that the coffee is hot and also changed the lids into tighter lids after getting complaints from its consumers, but the efforts seem functionless because in the Liebeck’s case, she spilled the coffee when she held the coffee cup between her legs and trying to pry the tighten lid. Based on these points, McDonald’s was held liable for the compensation damages because the company hadn’t done enough to warn its consumers and was liable for an additional punitive damages as a warning to the fast-food chains. McDonald’s had violated the due care theory because the company hadn’t done enough in warning the consumers regarding the hot coffee. There was a case regarding to the resistoleros in Central America. A large number of homeless children were found sniffing some glue produced by the Harvey Benjamin Fuller Company which called Resistol adhesives. They were addicted to the intoxicating but dangerous fumes of the glue. Child-welfare concerned to the issue and urged the company to resolve the problem by adding a noxious oil to the glue in order to discourage abusers but Fuller refused. Fuller seems to have challenged to the criticism with its brand that dominated Central America and its good-citizen image. However the issue had become even more irritating because now Fuller must argue with the dissenting stockholders inside and protestors outside during its annual meeting. Fuller therefore announced that the company will stop selling Resistol in Central America but the matters turned out to be worsen because the protestors turned their jubilation into anger when they found that Fuller never intend to stop selling Resistol in Central America after few months. Instead of selling to the small-scale customers in Honduras and Guatemala, Fuller now sells large tubs and barrels of Resistol to the industrial customers in neighboring countries. Although the company had taken other steps to stop the abuse of Resistol by altered Resistol’s formula and developed other substitutes, but the actions were said to be mere image polishing because Resistol is still available to the children in other countries. In applying the doctrine of strict product liability in this case, Fuller had violated the manufacturers’ obligations by continuously supply Resistol in the market with the knowing that the products will harm the society. They should pull out the products from all the countries. There was also a case regarding to the skateboard scare. Colin Brewster’s sport shop had the briskest business ever since the craze of skateboard arrived at the River City. Many of the youngsters in the city got themselves a skateboard from Brewster’s sport shop. Brewster was informed by the River City consumer committee few weeks later that the skateboards were proved to be unsafe to the consumers with sufficient statistical support. The numbers of youngsters injuries resulted directly and indirectly from the use of skateboards was shocking, but Brewster claimed that it wasn’t his responsibility for the issue because it’s not about the safety level of skateboards it’s about how the youngsters are using them. Brewster also stated that he is just a retailer instead of manufacturer, however, the committee expected him to be responsible on this issue as a retailer. The committee also attacked Brewster that his advertisement on television advocated dangerous sport actions to the public without warning the youngsters not to imitate the actions without special guidance. Brewster held that parents are liable on this issue for being irresponsible when their children get injured for attempting to try out those actions in the advertisement. Anyhow, the committee asked him to take the necessary steps to settle the problems which including cutting down the advertisement. Brewster refused. Brewster was exercising the doctrine of caveat emptor in this case that he proclaimed that consumers are responsible for their own risks. However according to the social contract theory, Brewster should warns his consumers about the potential dangers of skateboarding before buying the skateboards. Brewster had violated the social contract theory so he was held liable for the costs of injuries from his consumers. Concluded the theories and cases above, the businesses have the obligation to manufacture and sell the products that are safe for use to the consumers and society while the consumers should acquire related information before making a purchasing decision in order to avoid such product safety problems. Both parties are liable to responsible for this issue. Bibliography 1) Burnett, J. (2006). Product Liability. Retrieved 2nd October 2011 from: referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Per-Pro/Product-Liability. html 2) Fieser, J. (2009). Ethics. Retrieved 30th September 2011 from: iep. utm. edu/ethics/#SSH1b. i 3) Free Books Online. (2011). The Due Care Theory. Retrieved 1st October 2011 from: http://free-books-online. org/management/business-ethics/the-due-care-theory/ 4) Free Books Online. (2011). The Social Costs View of the Manufacturer’s Duties. Retrieved 2nd October 2011 from: http://free-books-online. rg/management/business-ethics/the-social-costs-view-of-the-manufacturer%E2%80%99s-duties/ 5) Friend, C. (2004). Social Contract Theory. Retrieved 30th September 2011 from: iep. utm. edu/soc-cont/ 6) Gray, J. W. (2011). Moral Issues Related to Consumers. Retrieved 29th September 2011 from: http://ethicalrealism. wordpress. com/2011/05/16/moral-issues-related-to-consumers/ 7) Hasnas, J. (2010). The Mirage of Product Safety. Retrieved 29th September 2011 from: http://faculty. msb. e du/hasnasj/GTWebSite/SafetyFinalDraft. df 8) Investopedia. (2011). Caveat Emptor. Retrieved 29th September 2011 from: investopedia. com/terms/c/caveatemptor. asp#axzz1Z5iIVFCP 9) Owen, D. G. (1996). Product Liability and Safety: Cases and Materials. NY: The Foundation Press. 10) Shaw, W. H. Barry, V. (2007). Moral Issues in Business 11th Edition. CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 11) The Free Dictionary. (2011). Caveat Emptor. Retrieved 29th September 2011 from: http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/caveat+emptor

Social Mentions For Mobile The Best Way To Interact On Social Media

Social Mentions For Mobile The Best Way To Interact On Social Media You’re a Type A marketer who is ALWAYS on the go. Commuting between home and work†¦ Rushing to meetings†¦ Occasionally stealing 5 minutes to grab a latte†¦ #noshame But just because you’re away from the desk, doesn’t mean you stop working! Which meansyou need a mobile app that can keep up with you. An app with the same functionality as the desktop version†¦ with a slick interface for creating + editing foolproof social messages on the fly. Which is why I’m excited to announce ’s Mobile Refresh  and newest feature, Social @Mentions for Mobile! Focus on being an amazing ( + mistake-free) marketer and easily interact with your audience on social media, even when you’re on the go. With the Mobile Refresh and *new* Social @Mentions for Mobile, you can: Avoid (facepalm) mistakes and compose messages FASTER. With the mobile refresh, you get a NEW distraction-free message composer with larger font sizes and bolder colorsmaking it even easier to review your messages (and avoid mistakes) on the go. Add @mentions  to your social messages on the fly!  No more jumping from mobile to desktop just to add a @mention in a social message. With Social @Mentions  for Mobile, you can easily engage + interact with your audience on Facebook, Twitter, AND Instagram directly from your mobile device. Which means you can stay connected with your audience (and avoid any finger flubs) grab that latte†¦Ã°Å¸Ëœ  Thanks to a mobile app that can *actually* keep up with you.

How to spot a fake job posting

How to spot a fake job posting The job market is hard enough to navigate without having to worry about some posting turning out to be a scam- or even just a dead end. Save your precious time and energy by being on the lookout for these simple signs that something just isn’t right. 1. The company has no online presence.You do your due diligence and try to verify the person, the company, the job listing†¦ and nothing is turning up in your Googling. You can stop right there and step away. Legit jobs always have  some online trail.2. The recruiter’s email doesn’t match their company.You get an email from a recruiter who claims to represent a fabulous and well-known company. The company logo might even be at the bottom of the email. Look closely- does the email they want you to send materials to not end in the official company name (theircompany.com)? If the email associated with the posting or the invitation is a personal one (think Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo, etc.), maybe take a pass. And pleas e, please don’t respond and attach any personal documents unless you’re sure you’re dealing with the real deal.3. You found it via a random social media post.While it is possible to land a great job you found through social media, chances are if it’s just posted there- or sponsored or advertised- it’s probably not as sweet a deal as it seems. Remember that the overwhelming majority of jobs are referral based, come through legitimate channels, or are on vetted job boards. Resist the idea that you can just surf Facebook and get hired.4. They claim â€Å"No experience necessary.†Sure, maybe the job they’re offering is entry level. Maybe they offer training. But if the posting leads with NO EXPERIENCE NECESSARY, you can be almost certain that there’s a catch you won’t like. Most jobs want you to come equipped with some skills.5. The language is sloppy.If the ad isn’t well written, or it contains spelling or grammatica l errors, or it’s just sloppily punctuated or IN ALL CAPS, consider it a red flag. A real job posting will be professional and polished.6. They ask for an interview via chat or text.You should be wary if your first interview scheduled on some kind of text messaging service. While remote interviews are becoming increasingly common, that means phone calls and Skype, not a typed conversation in a chat window.7. Anything about it is too good to be true.You’re hired immediately! The salary is CRAZY HIGH! They contacted you out of the blue! No need to interview! When can you start? (Hint: if a job seems too good to be true, it probably is too good to be true.)8. Everything about it is vague.If you can’t tell from the posting what exactly your role would be at the company, that’s a problem. A bigger problem is when you can’t really tell what the company does and get a sense of its mission or history. If all of this is very vague†¦ leave this one on t he â€Å"no† pile.9. They want money.If you’re asked to pay  anything- such as a fee to apply or for a software program with which to send in your application materials- consider the job a scam. A general rule of thumb: never give your money away to total strangers you meet on the internet.10. Your gut says no.The bottom line: keep an eye out for these and other warning signs, but your best alarm system is your own gut feeling. Does something seem off to you? If so, let it go. There are other jobs out there.

Performance Management System Improvement Assignment

Performance Management System Improvement - Assignment Example To enhance the performance of the employees over time, it is considered important to evaluate their output to increase the efficiency of the organization (Warner, 2002). In essence, the employees’ output is figured out and ways to improve the performance level formulated. The obtained results after evaluation are used to improve on the organization’s output, effectiveness and efficiency over time. An organization generally constitutes of the two types of environment, namely; the internal environment and the external environment. The external environment could constitute of factors such as technological, political, legal and economic, whereas the internal environment is comprised of structure, organizational culture, mode of exercising power, the leadership style, and available resources. The key factors that constitute the external environment of Ngusama Investment Company are technology, political, economic and legal factors (Rao, 2004). The company has been trying to upgrade its technology so as to cope with evolution of technology that presents. Upgrading of the system also ensures that the company keeps abreast with current issues and trends in the society. With a modified technology, the employees have a platform which they work on to improve the performance of the organization.... For any organization to prevail in a market, it has to ensure that it fulfils the regulations and the policies. Technological factors; productivity is quickly achieved through the use of new technology. The production of new products increases the sales of an organization and consequently leads to an upsurge in the revenue. This therefore is a major indicator of the organization’s performance. The external environment can be viewed in two dimensions; micro-environment and macro-environment. Micro-environment is concerned with the immediate benefactors of the organization’s competitors, suppliers, customers and the public at large. On the other hand, the macro-environment constitutes of the current trends in the society. The organization concentrates on the following factors in assessment of the external environment; competitive environment analysis, analysis of the expectations for interest, the external environment’s development outlook, and analysis of the infl uence of the macro-environment on the organization’s performance. Competitive environment is a key external factor (Sahu, 2007). It is a process in its own that involves analyzing, identifying the major characteristics and the impact of the forces that come about as a result of competition. After the analysis, positioning efforts are made so as to ensure that the competitive advantage of the organization is attained. When conducting the activity there are competitive forces that are experienced and this makes up the environment with the organization inclusive. The industry includes all the organizations that are producing similar products or are offering identical services. The

Ideal Society in the Republic of Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ideal Society in the Republic of Plato - Essay Example Plato's ideal society, among others, is inhabited by three classes, namely, Philosopher Kings, Guardians (soldiers) and Artisans. These three represent three elements in human nature – reason, spirit and appetite respectively. These three elements also have three corresponding virtues – wisdom, courage and temperance. There is an oft quoted saying of Plato where he puts philosophy and wisdom on the highest pedestal in the state. He says â€Å"Until philosophers are kings or the kings and princes of this world have the power of philosophy, cities will never have rest from their evils.†As such, his ideal society comprises the three main classes while his Ideal State is constructed through duly trained Philosopher Kings and Guardians. The training and discipline of philosopher kings is such that they are provided all safeguards preventing them form indulging in any digression vis-à  -vis justice in the state. Justice in the state rests in everyone following oneâ₠¬â„¢s own trade and activity for which one is suited best by nature and training (where required). The concept of justice here is linked to the Greek conception of dike, i.e., the just order. In such an order, each individual with respective and corresponding elements, virtues and metals of bronze, silver and gold is doing ones own job to a level of highest excellence. Justice, for Plato, is this excellence of work pursued in the area of one’s own best suited craft. Duly trained Guardians are to protect this Platonic city from invaders and wrong doers. These soldiers are like watchdogs and faithful to the dictates of philosopher kings and justice. Philosopher kings are the ones who can see the reality, knowledge, truth and justice. They are those who ‘know’. The education system and communism of wives and children helps prevent philosopher kings form indulging in any act of digression away from justice. Philosopher kings have come out like shining pieces of gold from the test of fire. Plato starts from state as an institution and moves to individual in his quest for justice. He considers division of labour and reciprocal needs. In this effort, he even discusses various other forms of government such as democracy, totalitarianism and aristocracy etc. He finds his ideal state as the best possible option among them all. Even entry of private property is also abolished in Republic.

No title page not yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No title page not yet - Essay Example Some shows can make people smarter because of their sophisticated plots and moral dilemmas. Like Johnson, I appreciate the fast-paced plots and realistic characters of 24. I know that Jack Bauer makes hard decisions, as he uses violence and deception to accomplish his goal of saving thousands of civilians. These kinds of TV shows compel people to think about multilayered meanings of intentions and interests that are present in everyday realities, and which can be more complex as people go up the levels of social and political institutions. Instead of predicting shows because of their repetitive formula plots, people cannot always determine what will happen next and they are strained to think more, so that they can understand the plot and characters. On the contrary, I do not agree that all TV shows follow the Sleeper Curve, if the audiences do not have critical and inference skills to start with. I do not believe that parents should allow children to watch shows that have high content of sex and violence. They do not have enough critical thinking skills to know what is right or wrong, and what is real and made-up. It is like a neighbor who likes 24 for its action content, but is not interested in making inferences about the plot and the people. Instead, I hear him saying that Muslims are mainly terrorists and that many immigrants are criminals. He does not have the skills to attain the Sleeper Curve as Johnson describes it. Instead of thinking better, he feeds on the stereotypes that the show presents. The Sleeper Curve is not true for all. It only applies to people who have critical thinking and logic skills. Present-day TV shows might be smarter, but unless people have developed their cognitive skills, they are not better off watching them. Sometimes, they are even worse off, if they use it to reinforce their prejudice

Static Equilibrium Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Static Equilibrium - Coursework Example An object with zero acceleration does not imply that, it is at rest. Objects in equilibrium state are at rest and staying at rest or in momentum and continue to be in momentum with the same speed and direction. This concept also emanates from Newton’s first law of motion (Herbert 135) When an object is at a condition of rest and the forces acting upon its particles are balanced (Equilibrium) then such as situation is referred as static equilibrium. The term static implies a stationary state or a condition of rest. The sum total amount of forces acting upon an object in equilibrium also known as the vector sum is equivalent to 0 Newton (Cathrine 1) An object has to be in a stationary state, the must also not be in a state of transitional acceleration as well as rotational acceleration. In addition, the vector total of all the external forces acting upon it must be zero: ∑ F = 0 Since this object is at equilibrium, the magnitude of the forces represented as Force A, Force B, Force C and Force D acting upon it are balanced. This also implies that the horizontal and the vertical forces sum up to 0 Newton. One method that can be used to measure and establish whether an object is in equilibrium or not is an instance where an object is tied and hanged on two strings attached to weighing scales simultaneously. The diagram is indicated below; The magnitude of the forces acting upon the object is shown by the measurement indicated on scale 1 and scale 2 as well as the magnitude of force A (Cathrine 3) An example of an object at a static equilibrium can also be demonstrated by a box that rests on the floor. The box is impacted on by two external forces at different directions that is, the gravitational force that pulls the box to the centre of the earth. An equivalent force is also impacted by the floor on the box (pushes the box

DOES CULTURE IMPACT ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTTIVITY Essay

DOES CULTURE IMPACT ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTTIVITY - Essay Example Independence was found out to be a vital in entrepreneurial activity. (Hofstede, 2001 p. 225). Hofstede believed that degree of autonomy differed from society to society held that in low poor distance societies. (Wu et al) The second dimension of national culture is uncertainty. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the way people cope with uncertainty. People of high uncertainty avoidance and people with low uncertainty. Entrepreneurial activities are full of uncertainty challenges and risks. (Wu et al) Entrepreneurship has been defined as new venture creation that is growth oriented and generates employment as well as small businesses and micro enterprises that may provide self employment .In this definition among many others' entrepreneurship encompasses small profit oriented economic activities. The scholastic view last centuries on entrepreneurship was not on economic efficiency but rather on social-political terms since small business were the main suppliers of employment. Many economists were convinced that the future of many economies prosperity will be determined by large corporations and that small business would eventually die away. Recently however, the notion among scholars has changed and entrepreneurship is regarded as one of the vehicles to economic prosperity. Entrepreneurial activity has contributed not only in creation of employment but also in terms of innovation and competitiveness (Lowe, 2000, p. 9). John major (then chief secretary to the UK treasury) in May 1 989 said "there is a great deal of evidence to show that the jobs and products of tomorrow are highly likely to come from activity of the small business sectorin my judgment the future belongs to them". The perpetual succession of entrepreneurship contrary to scholar's belief has led classical theorists to review their arguments on entrepreneurship. There is no clear and orchestrated works on entrepreneurship but economic, financial and administrative factors do not sufficiently explain the variations in entrepreneurial activities' these led scholars to consider culture as a determinant to entrepreneurial activities (Lowe 2000, p.16). Studies have been done to determine whether cultural differences impact on entrepreneurial activities Culture is defined a set off values, beliefs and expected behaviors (Hofstede, 1980 pg. 4). It has also been defined as the collective programming of mind which distinguishes the member of one group or category of people from those of another. In his later definition, Hofstede refers to culture referencing to a nation but acknowledges that this yardstick alone cannot be used, not only does culture differ across nation but also differs regionally, ethni cally and socially and from all these angles culture affects organizational behavior (Hofstede, 1980 pg. 25).Culture for the purpose of this study can be analyzed in different set of interdependent and interrelated categories namely personal traits, organizational culture, branch or industry culture and national culture. This paper will look at the look at personal traits

Discussion board homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion board homework - Coursework Example The outdoor, fitness and aviation segments contributed to 63% of the revenue. A loss in foreign currency has been realized of $ 44 million compared to a gain of $ 12 million last year, and the company is projecting earnings of about $ 2.88 billion in terms of revenue. The outdoor segment and auto segment have a decline in revenue of 10% and 11% respectively. For the auto sector, it has been because of a fall in the Personal Navigation Device (PND) industry, as a result of competition from the mobile industry and other competitors. The article remains significant in the essay as it not only provided crucial financial information but indicates the diverse segments where the company excels. With the above research, comprehensive business analysis can be put in place for Garmin, and this can aid in outlining the areas of strength and weaknesses. It is because the figures clearly depict the revenue generated from each segment. The data above can thus be used to come up with a strategy primarily to strengthen the areas where the company is likely to maximize its net income. For instance, it can concentrate in the fitness segment that has gained popularity, and that is likely to generate supernatural

DOES CULTURE IMPACT ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTTIVITY Essay

DOES CULTURE IMPACT ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTTIVITY - Essay Example Independence was found out to be a vital in entrepreneurial activity. (Hofstede, 2001 p. 225). Hofstede believed that degree of autonomy differed from society to society held that in low poor distance societies. (Wu et al) The second dimension of national culture is uncertainty. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the way people cope with uncertainty. People of high uncertainty avoidance and people with low uncertainty. Entrepreneurial activities are full of uncertainty challenges and risks. (Wu et al) Entrepreneurship has been defined as new venture creation that is growth oriented and generates employment as well as small businesses and micro enterprises that may provide self employment .In this definition among many others' entrepreneurship encompasses small profit oriented economic activities. The scholastic view last centuries on entrepreneurship was not on economic efficiency but rather on social-political terms since small business were the main suppliers of employment. Many economists were convinced that the future of many economies prosperity will be determined by large corporations and that small business would eventually die away. Recently however, the notion among scholars has changed and entrepreneurship is regarded as one of the vehicles to economic prosperity. Entrepreneurial activity has contributed not only in creation of employment but also in terms of innovation and competitiveness (Lowe, 2000, p. 9). John major (then chief secretary to the UK treasury) in May 1 989 said "there is a great deal of evidence to show that the jobs and products of tomorrow are highly likely to come from activity of the small business sectorin my judgment the future belongs to them". The perpetual succession of entrepreneurship contrary to scholar's belief has led classical theorists to review their arguments on entrepreneurship. There is no clear and orchestrated works on entrepreneurship but economic, financial and administrative factors do not sufficiently explain the variations in entrepreneurial activities' these led scholars to consider culture as a determinant to entrepreneurial activities (Lowe 2000, p.16). Studies have been done to determine whether cultural differences impact on entrepreneurial activities Culture is defined a set off values, beliefs and expected behaviors (Hofstede, 1980 pg. 4). It has also been defined as the collective programming of mind which distinguishes the member of one group or category of people from those of another. In his later definition, Hofstede refers to culture referencing to a nation but acknowledges that this yardstick alone cannot be used, not only does culture differ across nation but also differs regionally, ethni cally and socially and from all these angles culture affects organizational behavior (Hofstede, 1980 pg. 25).Culture for the purpose of this study can be analyzed in different set of interdependent and interrelated categories namely personal traits, organizational culture, branch or industry culture and national culture. This paper will look at the look at personal traits

Benefits of Coffee Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Coffee Essay How much coffee have you consumed already this morning? One cup? Or maybe even two? Like most college students I enjoy my cup of Joe in the morning! Coffee is one of the greatest sources of antioxidants in the global diet. Consuming large amounts is not advised, but having reasonable amounts everyday can be very beneficial to your body. Today, I would like to inform you about some of the benefits of drinking coffee. 1. Lower Chances of Death. a. Let’s face it we are all going to die b. Appears to lengthen time for people with heart disease and diabetes c. Kristen Kirkpatrick said that a study in 2012 showed that three or more cups of coffee a day lowers the risk of death regardless of whether participants drank caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. 2. Makes your reproductive system happy d. Men would you like a drink that could lower your chances for prostate cancer? And ladies wouldn’t you like to lower your risk for endometrial cancer? e. Kirkpatrick also says that a 2011  study  found that men consuming at least six or more cups a day reduced their risk of prostate cancer by 20 percent! Another  study  published in the  Journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention  found that women who drank more than four cups of coffee a day had a 25 percent lower risk of endometrial cancer. 3. Lower risks of Type 2 diabetes. f. A 2012  study  found that a compound in coffee can actually help block a substance in the body called human islet amyloid polypeptide that may play a role in the development of diabetes. Further  studies  have  demonstrated  that caffeinated coffee consumption is linked to decreased diabetes risk as well. 4. Protects your brain. g. When you wake up to the smell of coffee in the morning do you usually smile? h. Coffee drinkers are less likely to develop dementia and Alzheimers later in life according to a study done in 2009 i. The smell of coffee can help reduce stress that could be associated with loss of sleep 5.   Good for skin. j. Drinking coffee may help you to ward off basal cell carcinoma So, the next time you are wondering whether you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know how it could help you!

Conflict In Death Of A Salesman English Literature Essay

Conflict In Death Of A Salesman English Literature Essay Conflict is an essential element in all pieces of literature. In Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, every character in the play deals with conflict at one point or another. However, Willy Loman is confronted with a large amount of conflicts throughout the play. None of Willys conflicts, Willy versus Biff, Willy versus himself, and Willy versus society, are resolved by the end of the play. Willy faces a father-son conflict with Biff throughout the play. When Biff returns home, Willy senses it as a failure. He returns home to find out who he is. Willy desperately wants Biff to succeed in every way possible. However, Willy and Biff have conflicting views of what the American Dream is. Willy believes that selling is the greatest job a man can have. On the contrary, Biff feels that the best job a man can have is working outdoors with his hands. When these two dreams collide, Willy becomes frustrated because he believes he is correct and his way is the only way. This contrast between their beliefs builds up throughout the play up to their final argument near the close of Act II. Biff is the only Loman that is able to see past Willys illusions about life. Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens? (133) He is the only one able to see reality. Willy is in a dream world where he believes he is on the verge of success whereas Biff is able to see the ha rsh reality and recognizes that both he and his father are failures. Young Biff had the same beliefs and views as his father, but after discovering his fathers infidelity, these beliefs changed. He realized he didnt want to become like his father and changed his beliefs. By the end of the play, Willys conflict is not resolved. He had all the wrong dreams. (138) Willy and Biffs beliefs are still opposite of each others. Although Biff has found out who he is, it is not the person his father had hoped for. He is not the leader of men and successful salesman his father wanted him to be, he is an ordinary man who plans to go out West. As Willy faced continuing conflict with his son, he also endured conflicts with himself. Willy faces conflicts with his inner self throughout the play. Willy refuses to accept who he is and his self pride is too important to him. Willy Loman refuses to admit that he is an ordinary man. He must be the successful American businessman that is a leader among men. He is in a dream world where he is on the verge of success. Throughout the play, he is at odds with who he perceives himself to be and who he is in reality. He seems to ignore the talent and appreciation he has for carpentry. He believes that if he purses carpentry, he would be beneath himself. Willy struggles with the fact that he will never be able to achieve his perception of who he wants to be. This conflict goes on until his death. He continues to believe he can be on top of the world, but in reality, he is a normal human being. Willy has a strong sense of self pride in him, one that may be too strong. He is afraid to show a lack of it to Charley or his family. When Willy meets Charley at his office in Act II, he offers him a job to help him. However, Willy is too proud of himself and will not work for Charley. He still believes he can survive without Charleys job offer. He doesnt understand that reality that he is a failure. He also considers himself superior to Charley. He believes Charley is not well-liked and is not the ideal character one should be. He knows that accepting a job offer from someone below him would be an insult to his self pride. Willy is also afraid to admit he is done and can not survive anymore to his family. I cant throw myself on my sons. (84) He is also afraid to show any weakness to his sons. Willy dies a man extremely proud of himself. However, he still has not faced the reality of who he truly is. He did not admit he needed help like an ordinary man would, a man just like him. As Willys conflict with himself grew, so did his conflict with his society. Willy is in conflict with society like the majority of American men in the last century. Willy struggles with his selling as he ages. The young Willy was able to make sales easily, but now he is older, and has more difficulty selling. Willy is constantly trying to find the key to success in selling. He constantly worries about other peoples perception of him and blames his lack of success on his physical traits such as his weight and clothing. Willy believes these are the reasons why he has difficulty selling, while in reality, it is the fact that he does not see himself and the world as they really are. When he first started selling, buyers may have been interested in charismatic salesman. However, as time changed, the business world looked for knowledgeable salesman to promote products. Willy is always worried about his appearance up to his death and still has difficulty understanding why he is never accepted as a talented businessman. When Willy talks to Howard about possibly stay ing in New York to sell, Willy feels like he is being thrown away by society. A man is not a piece of fruit! (82) Willy claims a man is not an orange where you eat the orange and throw away the peal. He is referring to himself when he says this. Willy has worked for this business for 34 years and after all his work for the company, he is worth nothing to it. In society, a man is often measured by his income and skills that can be used in society. However, Willy lacks both of these and society deems him as useless. Therefore, Howard fires him from a business standpoint. Willys conflict with society is not resolved. At his funeral, no one comes except for his family and Charley and Bernard. Society found him useless and threw him away. None of Willy Lomans conflicts with Biff, himself, and society are resolved by the end of the play. In his conflict with Biff, he is never able to nurture Biff into the man he wanted him to become. In his conflict with himself, he is never able to see the reality. Finally, in his conflict with society, he is a victim of Americas capitalistic and materialistic environment. However, the main cause of all his conflicts is his inability to see the reality in life. Perhaps that is why he was unable to solve any of his conflicts. However, Willy Loman was a troubled man from the beginning of the play to his death. He was much more than a man who had plenty of conflicts, he was a man who attempted to live the American Dream, but ultimately, his conflicts stopped him.