Charmed

Running head: CHARMED: MY FAVORITE TV SHOW Charmed: My Favorite TV Show Tolby Markham Kaplan University LS 526-01: Academic and Professional Writing for Graduate Students CHARMED: MY FAVORITE TV SHOW Charmed: My Favorite TV Show Charmed, I’m sure! Are you? Charmed is the story of The Charmed Ones – the most powerful good witches the world has ever known, whose job is to protect the innocent and not blow their cover. When their grandmother, Grams, suffers a heart attack, Prue, Piper and Phoebe Halliwell move back into the family manor in San Francisco where Phoebe discovers the legendary Book of Shadows hidden in the attic.Reading aloud a mystical incantation, the three sisters receive their Wiccan powers, which are needed to fight off evil. Despite wanting normal lives,  The Charmed Ones fight evil beings every day and have always been the most powerful source of good witches and good magic the world has ever seen. The perception of witches in American culture has und ergone a radical transformation in the last century as Americans have become familiar with scientific explanations for supernatural events.Because of this, there has been much less genuine fear or hysteria regarding the supposed use of occult magic. Yet the popularity of witches in America persists even today. In fact, the frequent appearances of witches in television and film have gradually changed the way most Americans think about witches. The most notable change has been in the presentation of women in these roles—from the evil, traditional â€Å"hag† witches in early works like Disney’s  Snow White  to the much more attractive and benevolent Halliwell sisters of the television series  Charmed.Magic in itself is fascinating. Having such a tremendous power id amazing and the responsibilities that come with it are enormous. Fighting demons, evil witches and warlords and CHARMED: MY FAVORITE TV SHOW the ultimate bad guy â€Å"The Source† is what th e Halliwell sisters are born and even one dies for. The three sisters, Prue, Piper, Phoebe and later Paige have such powers combined that they try to save the world everyday while trying to sustain a normal mortal life like everyone else in the world.The first in the line, Melinda Warren was burned at the stake but before this, she foresaw that each coming generation of witches in her family would grow stronger and stronger, culminating in the arrival of three sisters – the strongest good witches the world had ever seen; the three sisters would form the Power of Three making them the most powerful magical force ever to exist. The effect of a Power of Three bond being formed is that all the members' powers are pooled together into a  Collective. One of the benefits of this bond is  High Resistance.Of course, the downsides of this are that the amount of power one gains from this is relative to the level of the other beings involved, with the above example assuming that the beings involved are (at least more or less) the same strength. Another downside of this is that if one member dies it weakens the Collective, making the other members easier to kill off with the death of each member. However, on the flip side, more powerful (and hence higher level) beings are harder to kill/affect with ones powers than lower level ones i. e.Piper and the other various Charmed Ones have been shown to have taken direct hits from all kinds of attacks such as Fire and Energy Balls and live many times over whereas such attacks would vanquish any other magical creature instantly. The Triad  are also highly resilient to Piper's combustion power whereas other lower CHARMED: MY FAVORITE TV SHOW level demons usually disintegrate within seconds. Therefore this particular con is easily balanced out. Then there is the fact that this collective interconnects all of the members to each other in various metaphysical ways.Certain spells cast on one member may affect the others thr ough this interconnection such as when Prue was magically turned evil, causing Piper and Phoebe to turn evil also. A Power of Three bond can be broken in several ways. If the members use their powers on each other in a negative manner or atmosphere then the bond will be broken. Fortunately, this may be reformed by all of the members reconnecting with each other emotionally or something to that effect. For example, when the Charmed Ones used their powers on each other during an argument it shattered their Power of Three.However, later on they all got over the argument and showed their solidarity as a sister (which is where their Power of Three comes from) and hence reformed it. Another way, mentioned above, would be if one of the members died. Although this event is less likely the implications are more severe as the collective would be weakened beyond repair. Each sister has a distinctive power to help aid them in vanquishing the evil beings. The sisters’ powers are as follow s: * Prue Halliwell, played by Shannen Doherty, had the power of telekinesis and astral projection. CHARMED: MY FAVORITE TV SHOW Piper Halliwell, played by Holly Marie Combs, had the power to freeze time and also held the power of molecular combustion. With the death of Prue, Piper becomes the most powerful of all three sisters; * Phoebe Halliwell, played by Alyssa Milano, had the power of premonition, levitation and empathy, and * Paige Matthews, played by Rose McGowan, had the power to orb and telekinetic orbing. Rose took on the role of the third sister when Shannen left the show at the end of season three. During the show’s eight year run, Charmed was nominated for 30 awards and won 18.Just to name a few: * In 2006, Charmed became the longest running hour-long series featuring all female leads (Mitovich, 2006), and * Holly Marie Combs (Piper) was named the third greatest with in television history, only behind Samantha (Bewitched) and Willow (Buffy). In this same list was Alyssa Milano (Phoebe) at number seven, Shannen Doherty (Prue) at number tem and Rose McGowan (Paige) at number thirteen (Greenberger, 2012). To sum it up, if you enjoy the supernatural or if you like special effects, Charmed is the show for you.Charmed was a television series on the WB Television Network which ran from 1998 thru 2006 (IMDb, 2012). The show is now shown Monday thru Friday on the drama network TNT, from 7am to 8am and 8am to 9am (Turner Broadcasting Systems, Inc. , 2012). CHARMED: MY FAVORITE TV SHOW References IMDb. (2012, August 24). Retrieved from An Amazon Company: www. imdb. com Turner Broadcasting Systems, Inc. (2012, August 25). Retrieved from A Time Warner Company: www. tntdrama. com Greenberger, R. (2012, August 23). ComicMix. Retrieved from ComicMix, LLC: www. comicmix. com Mitovich, M. (2006). Charmed Hits a Final? Milestone. New York City: TV Guide.

Mythological Language Essay

â€Å"Mythological language raises very difficult if not impossible problems.† Discuss this statement by examining both verification and falsification. â€Å"A myth is a symbolic approximate expression of truth, which the human mind cannot perceive sharply and completely, but can only glimpse vaguely, and therefore cannot adequately or accurately express.† – Millar Burrows. In the context of religion, myths can be taken to mean stories about God which have vital meanings for an individual, a community, a nation or the cosmos. Myths embody and express claims which cannot be expressed in any other way. Myth is the most complex type of symbolic language because it uses symbols, metaphors and imagery. They use them to explain the unexplainable and to give insights into human existence. Mythology does not convey information that isn’t true. They convey concepts that go way beyond the true/false descriptors. They express stories that are â€Å"other worldly†. They allow humans to gain insight into two very important questions; the cosmological question about the meaning of life and the existential question about emotions, feelings, believing etc. Mythological language was used a lot by the biblical writers. They have been included in the ideas such as creation, the fall and the flood. Within the Bible myths also attempt to explain the mystery of human origins and human nature. There have been a brave set of people over the last forty years, who have chosen to say a lot of religious statements are myths – which has challenged existing beliefs. There are of course many examples of religious myths and there are tree ways in which the word myth can be used in religious language: * The myth could be a story which isn’t true, but has some other value. Braithwaite believed that they were inspirational as they make us motivated. * It could be a literary device. Ineffable, i.e. beyond language, unexplainable. * A method of interpreting â€Å"ultimate reality†. They open up like symbols, they have new levels of reality or as Randal argues their purpose is to bind communities together. Biblical stories which seem meaningless to scientists are more understandable if you think of them as another language. Myths are extremely powerful in their metaphor or symbolic meanings. If you don’t take a literal view, and you consider the Bible is supposed to be recording history or science then yes, a lot of the Bible is false. For example, can you calculate the age of the world from the Bible? Yes, if you take it literally, but that would be wrong because scientists have enough evidence to prove that the world is much older than that. What one does, if we interpret the Bible in a mythological sense, is side step the facts to make them more meaningful i.e. â€Å"the world is a few thousand years old,† could just simply be saying God made it. So referring to the statement, â€Å"mythological language raises very difficult if not impossible problems† It is clear that even more than symbols, myths seem outdated. In the 19th century, D.F. Strauss suggested that we need to shift the focus of myth from â€Å"the story of a miraculous occurrence, to the story of a miraculous occurrence.† This basically means in the first case, it is assumed that an objective true narrative about a miracle is being expressed, in the second, that an embodied religious truth is being conveyed in a story form and isn’t necessarily true. Another critic of the use of mythological language was Rudolph Bultmann who said that we must not take myths literally. The Bible should be seen as a myth and only by reading the Bible as mythological text can we fully understand it. The Bible was written in a pre-scientific age when mythological language had a lot of meaning, i.e. the three levels of Hell, Earth and Heaven. Now that the world view has changed we have got to strip the Bible of its myths so that we can understand it again. Bultmann doesn’t mean cut them out, he means re-interpret them, demythologise them. He believed that it is impractical for humanity in modern times to believe such outdated stories: â€Å"It is impossible to use electric light and the wireless and to avail ourselves of modern medical and surgical discoveries and, at the same time, to believe in the New Testament of demons and spirits.† â€Å"The real point of a myth is not to give an objective world picture; what is expressed in it, rather is how we human beings understand ourselves with the world.† Bultmann’s main example of a myth was Luke’s explanation of Jesus being born in a stable. Strip away the myths and you see that it’s saying God can be found in the most humble and excluded parts of the world. Also the resurrection, he suggests is showing the re-invention of the people as they become Christians. Bultmann claims myth made it harder to grasp the Biblical truth. However, if you start doing this, then you end up saying that mythical language is meaningless, which is wrong because you shouldn’t underestimate myth and its power. However it undermines their status as true accounts and events. Yet some believers take them to be true which of course gives them meaning. Another philosopher to agree with the statement is Richard Dawkins, who commented in ‘The God Delusion’, â€Å"†¦much of the bible is†¦ just plain weird, as you would expect of a chaotically cobbled-together anthology of disjointed documents, composed, revised, translated, distorted and ‘improved’ by hundreds of anonymous authors..† He could also have added that this was put together during the course of many centuries. Significantly the difference between Bultmann and Dawkins is that Bultmann still maintained that there was truth to be extracted from the mythological narrative once the myth was stripped away. However, those who are in support of myth, claim that, since religious language is anti-realist, it is not concerned with making true or false statements. J.W. Rogerson wrote: â€Å"Because myths have their birth not in logic but in intuitions of transcendence, they are of value to traditions that seek to describe the action of the other worldly in the present world.† So in conclusion, it is important to understand how myths should be interpreted rather than being concerned to establish what the facts of the matter actually are. We have to remember how these stories were heard, i.e. in the context of simple people. This was a language they could understand and images and pictures that related to ordinary readers and listeners to religious works. This allowed the underlying meanings to be absorbed without needing a great education.

BMW Group Essay

Bayersiche Motoren Werke Group (BMW Group) is a German company whose operations are â€Å"focused on the premium segments of the international automobile markets (BMW Group)†. BMW Group was founded in 1916 and established its main plant and headquarters in Munich, Germany just after World War I in 1922. Those facilities exist as BMW’s headquarters and flagship plant to this day (BMW Group). BMW Group coordinates its activities in more than 150 countries on 6 continents and operates 29 manufacturing facilities in 13 of those countries (BMW Group). Those manufacturing facilities are concentrated in Western Europe with 9 in Germany, 2 in Austria, and 3 in the UK. Its other manufacturing facilities and joint-owned plants are scattered abroad with 3 in North America, 2 in South America, 2 in Africa, and 7 in Asia (BMW Group). With BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce, the BMW Group owns three premium brands in the global automobile industry. In addition to its strong position in the m otorcycles market with the BMW brand, the BMW Group also offers a successful range of financial services which make up a relatively small portion of BMW Group’s total revenue (BMW Group). BMW Group reports its segmented revenues according to geographical sales. The graph below breaks BMW Group’s overall annual revenues into 4 geographic categories with 3 subcategories: Figure 1 – Overall Revenue Growth by Geographic Operating Segment Expressed in Euros. Source: BMW Group’s 2012 Annual Report As shown in Figure 1, the European and Asian markets in particular have shown impressive sales growth since 2009 with CAGRs of 7% and 44%, respectively. BMW Group’s revenues from China alone have increased from â‚ ¬2.76 billion to â‚ ¬14.44 billion in 4 years (CAGR:51%). Huge sales growth in the Asian market has proven very lucrative for BMW Group who forecasts further growth, especially in developing markets. Figure 2 – Business Segments as % of Total Revenues Figure 2 shows BMW Group’s segmented revenue as it relates to total annual revenue. This chart emphasizes, again, the growth of BMW Group’s Asian  segment, the relatively flat percentage of sales in the Americas, and the slight decrease in total revenue coming from Europe. With the majority of BMW Group’s manufacturing facilities in Europe, we might see more facilities being built in Asian countries like China as BMW Group shifts its focus to lucrative emerging markets in the future. Figure 3 – Revenues by Segment for Reporting Purposes For reporting purposes, BMW Group breaks their statements into categories: Automotive and Other (Motorcycles, Financial Services, Other Entities, and Eliminations). Figure 3 offers an example of the detailed breakdown with subcategories included. See Appendix A for further details. Source: BMW Group Annual Statement As a percentage of total revenue, Figure 3 indicates that automotive sales made up 91.4% of BMW Group’s revenue in 2012 and 91.9% in 2011. This slight downward trend can be attributed to the growth of BMW Group’s financial services sector which is relatively new having begun in 1993 (BMW Financial Services). Figure 4 – Growth of Balance Sheet Components Source: BMW Group Annual Statement Figure 4 offers an insightful glance at BMW Group’s Asset/Liability balance. One important note is the debt/equity ratio shown on the right side of the graph. BMW Group states its equity ratio at 23.1% in 2012 and 22% in 2011 (BMW Group). This means BMW Group chooses to finance its operations mostly with debt. To aid that decision, BMW Group has an S&P short-term credit rating of A-1 and a long-term credit rating of A+ allowing BMW Group to borrow at lower rates (BMW Group). This will be discussed further in our risk management policy overview. Another important note is the ratio of current assets/non-current assets which sits around 33%. BMW Group’s current assets consist mostly of receivables from sales financing and inventories while their larger non-current assets consist mostly of long-term receivables from sales financing and leased products. As a measure of liquidity, BMW’s current ratio for 2012 is 1.04 which signifies that BMW Group maintains an efficien t operating cycle and is capable of handling its financial obligations, even though â‚ ¬32 billion are tied up in  non-current receivables. BMW Group’s Foreign Exchange (FX) Risk Management Policy In order to achieve growth, profitability, and sustainable levels of business in the future, BMW Group understands that it must expose itself to a degree of calculated risk. In its most recent quarterly statement to its stockholders, BMW Group recognized that, â€Å"Managing risks is a fundamental prerequisite for being able to deal successfully with the constant flow of changes in the relevant political, legal, technical and economic landscapes† (BMW Group). BMW Group’s discussion in its annual report around the many risks it faces is extensive. The report includes risk topics around sales and marketing, pension obligations, information technology, raw materials, and many other detailed business components. For this discussion, we will focus on financial risks and those relating to their international risk management. The first category of financial risk is exchange risk. For BMW Group, the sale of vehicles outside the Eurozone gives rise to exchange risk because changes in exchange rates, especially between the US dollar, Chinese renminbi, British pound, Russian rouble, and the Japanese yen, subject BMW Group to transaction exposure. BMW Group claims to manage currency risks at two different levels: strategic (medium and long-term) and operating (short and medium-term) (BMW Group). For medium and long-term risks, foreign exchange risks are managed by â€Å"natural hedging†, or by increasing the volume of purchases denominated in foreign currencies or increasing the volume of local production (BMW Group). An example of strategic risk mitigation in this context might be the opening of a new plant in South Carolina, USA in 2012 to help reduce foreign exchange risk in a major sales market. For short and medium-term risks, hedging transactions are entered into with financial partners of excelle nt credit standing to mitigate operating risk. In its most recent annual statement, BMW Group clarifies that they only use derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes â€Å"in order to reduce currency, interest rate, fair value, and market price risks from operating activities and related financing requirements† (BMW Group). BMW Group operates under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) which  requires all derivative financial instruments (interest, currency swaps, forward currencies, forward commodities contracts, etc.) to be measured at fair value, regardless of the intention for which they are held. At year end, 2012, BMW Group held derivative instruments (mostly interest rate swaps) with terms of up to 25 months to hedge interest rates arising on financial instruments with variable interest payments over the forecasted two years. BMW Group also held derivative instruments (mostly commodity swaps) with terms of up to 60 months to hedge raw material price risks attached to future transactions over the next five years. Lastly, BMW Group held derivative instruments (mostly option and forward contract options) with terms of up to 72 months to hedge currency risks attached to future transactions. As stated in a previous segment, BMW Group’s debt ratio is carefully manipulated to achieve what BMW Group feels is its optimal capital structure. BMW Group’s debt ratio has averaged about 78% for the past five years with no indication of a future change in their annual statement. An important aspect of risk management as it relates to their capital structure is the careful sel ection of financial instruments with the objective to achieve matching maturities for their debt requirements and other financial obligations (BMW Group). BMW Group seems to do a good job of timing their payments and managing the risks associated with those payments to make sure they can shoulder the burden of their nearly â‚ ¬70 billion in total financial liabilities (Q3 2013 Report). Another category for discussion is the risk around BMW Group’s procurement of raw materials. Since the availability and price of certain groups of raw materials are subject to change, BMW Group pays close attention to commodities markets to stay aware of changing landscapes (BMW Group). According to their annual statement, BMW Group utilizes financial derivatives to hedge against price risks for essential metals like platinum, palladium, aluminum, copper, and lead. BMW Group also recognizes the risk they face because of the indirect impact changes in the price of crude oil have on their production costs. Oil prices affect customers’ behavior around purchasing BMW Group’s products because consumers will often search out a substitute instead of absorb  higher fuel costs. BMW Group feels that a proper response to this risk is simply to develop and sell efficient and economical engines to reinforce their value proposition (BMW Group). BMW Group is concerned about the creditworthiness of its lenders, borrowers, and derivative instruments partners. Every borrower’s creditworthiness is tested for all credit financing and lease contracts entered into by the BMW Group (Annual Report). Retailers’ creditworthiness is assessed using validated scoring systems integrated into the purchasing process (BMW Group). BMW Group’s overall credit risk related to derivative financial instruments is minimized by the fact that BMW Group will only consider contracts with parties of first-class credit standing. Because of BMW Group’s close attention to detail and aggressive management of its international risk, the general credit risk on derivative financial instruments utilized by BMW Group is considered to be insignificant (BMW Group). Figure 5 – Breakdown of Other Comprehensive Income Source: BMW Group Annual Statement Figure 5 presents a detailed breakdown of Other Comprehensive Income including the gains/losses on financial instruments used for hedging purposes and the exchange differences on translating foreign operations for 2011 and 2012. Since BMW Group claims it only utilizes derivative financial instruments as a risk management tactic, this segment should operate as a cost center. On average, the gains/losses on financial instruments should help protect BMW Group from wild volatility from its many sources of diversifiable risk. Exchange differences are also lumped into OCI and shows the effect of exchange rate differences in the currencies belonging to the many countries BMW Group serves. Conclusion BMW Group has expanded in a fairly short period of time into operations (through direct investment or licensed dealerships) in more than 150 countries. To date, BMW Group has done an exceptional job expanding and investing in foreign markets. In many cases, the use of joint ventures with local companies has helped BMW Group enter new markets. This is usually a less risky undertaking because if the venture fails, they shoulder a smaller risk than their local counterparts. If the venture is successful, then the company transitions smoothly into the new market with greater confidence and consistency. This method has proven to be very effective for BMW Group, especially in the rapid growing Asian markets where they can test new markets and mitigate risk by transferring most of the risk to their venture partners. BMW group has built strong foreign segments, especially in the United States and China. This has been evidenced in the US by strong brand awareness and brand association coupled with significant overall revenue performance with the US contributing 18% of BMW Group’s revenues. BMW Group’s strong performance in China is evidenced by a 51% CAGR over the past 5 years which boost ed BMW’s overall revenue from â‚ ¬53 billion in 2007 to â‚ ¬77 billion in 2012 (CAGR: 15%). With their large success in international expansion, they have had mixed success with their hedging strategies. Their gains/losses on financial derivative hedging instruments in 2012 were a large improvement over 2011 with a â‚ ¬770 million increase in 2012 compared to a â‚ ¬733 million decrease for 2011. Conversely, BMW Group took a loss in exchange differences from foreign operations of â‚ ¬123 million in 2012 and a â‚ ¬168 million gain and 2011 (Figure 5). Without further detailing the historical patterns of those line items, it seems BMW Group is getting progressively better at managing their transaction exposure and other foreign operations risks. A brief look at BMW Group’s annual statement proves that they have done an excellent job identifying potential risks and setting controls and policies to protect themselves. If they can continue to grow their segments in the Americas and Asia, they will continue to establish themselves as a global manufacturer of quality vehicles as is their stated mission. One organizational risk that BMW recognizes and must continue to avoid is using derivative financial instruments for speculative trade instead of loss prevention. If BMW Group can maintain their brand in Europe, continue to grow in their American and Asian segments, and continue to use hedging and derivative tools conservatively as a risk mitigation tool, they will see continued success and healthy growth with solid future earning s and a steadily growing stock price. Figures expressed in Euros. Figures expressed in thousands. WORKS CITED â€Å"Annual Report 2012.† BMW Group : Investor Relations / Financial Reports / Annual Report. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"BMW Group : Company : History : Milestones.† BMW Group : Company : History : Milestones. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"BMW GROUP IN THE UK..† BMW Market: About Us. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"BMW Profile & Executives.†Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Financial Services.† Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Q3 Report (September 30, 2013).† BMW Group : Investor Relations : Quarterly Report. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. .

Theraputic relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theraputic relationship - Essay Example The movie losing Isiah has evidence of the concept (therapeutic relationship); the movie is a story of a young boy (Isaiah) left in the trash by her mother. The mother leaves the child for dead after she found her missing in the dumpster she had left him. Trash collectors find him and take him to the hospital where a social worker named Margaret Lewin takes an interest in the boy, later she starts filling the adoption papers for the little boy. Margaret and Charles (her husband) want to give Isaiah a good and loving home together with their daughter Hannah. The boys mother, khaila is arrested for possession of drugs and shoplifting, she is later taken to a rehabilitation program where she heals and maintains without the use of drugs. After she leaves the program she secures a good job and finds a good place she lives, khaila later realizes that her child is well and alive. With the help of her lawyer and her counselor, khaila attempts to get Isaiah back, news that devastated the Lewins who by then considered Isaiah, their own son. The family also opens a case to fight for the boy, but the same goes for the mother, however khaila wins the case by showing that the two white parents did not expose the boy to his culture (black nation), they did not give the boy any books about blacks, had no black friends, and no black dolls. Even though the ruling was against Margarets argument was better as she defended her case by arguing that all that mattered was the love the family had for Isaiah and not political correctness. Khaila brings in an ex pert witness (psychologist) who argued that the mother had changed and that the child should grow to her own race. As the social worker takes the boy away, after her mother won the case, it is evident that the boy did not want to leave the white family. In this scene, the boy screams and cries for the Lewins,

MGMT458 U1 IP AVON Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT458 U1 IP AVON - Research Paper Example At that point, it goes on. It weighs in at 249 words that blanket everything from surpassing contenders to expanding shareholder quality to battling breast disease. Its incredible to do numerous essential things at the same time, yet your Mission statement ought to give workers and the globe at large with one or two key objectives that characterize accomplishment in your universe. In the event that one cannot get that into a sentence or two, backpedal and attempt once more. This is not a Mission essay it is a Mission Statement. The company should Attempt to total up your whole organizations mission in one or two sentences. It should Consider it thusly: its Mission Statement, at its best, ought to have the capacity to twofold as its slogan. Compact Mission Statements are additionally more memorable and powerful. Therefore, there is no compelling reason to make it excessively complicated; simply state the motivation behind your organization, your explanation behind beginning it in any case. No, mission statements can—and ought to have that hopeful twist, yet they should serve a true need. There are four key components found in successful Statement: Value, Inspiration, Plausibility, and Specificity. In several short sentences, the company ought to have the capacity to pass on the estimation of the organization, why its brand exists, rouse and empower your workers, sound totally sensible and possible, and be as particular and relevant as could be expected under the circumstances. The company should discover a key subject for its organization, and verify each of these segments rotate around it. Moreover, Mission statements might be fiercely not quite the same as one organization to the next. The thought here is to pick whether you need your organizations announcement to reflect its transient objectives or its long haul yearnings. Make sure to pick stand

Heteronormativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Heteronormativity - Essay Example Despite the increased visibility of gay men and lesbian women, there remains no definition of family in the public consciousness that refers to same-sex couples with children. In fact, in the not too distant past, the notions of lesbian mothers/homosexual fathers or lesbian/homosexual families would have been nonexistent. This culture of heteronormativity (Gamson, 2000) dictates that a viable family consist of a heterosexual mother and a father raising children together. Heterosexuality and heterosexual forms of relating are the norm.1 All other forms of relational experience are thus viewed in contrast. For example, the descriptive term "couples" means heterosexual couples, then, there are gay and lesbian couples. Families are nuclear and headed by two heterosexual parents, then, there are gay and lesbian families. Similarly, "woman" means a heterosexual woman, then, there is the lesbian. Heteronormativity supports the dominant norm of heterosexuality by marginalizing any relational structure that defies it.2 A review of the family therapy literature bears this out; until recently the concept of the gay/lesbian family has been virtually unheard of in the family therapy field. This fact was confirmed by two research studies. Allen and Demo3 and Clark and Serovich found that the marriage and family therapy fields generally ignored gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues. For example, Clark and Serovich surveyed 17 journals published from 1975 to 1995. Of the 13,217 articles published, only 77, or 0.006% focused on gay/lesbian issues, used a gay/lesbian sample, or included sexual orientation as a variable.4 Goodrich (2003) cited the availability of only two early texts on working with lesbian couples in family therapy as an indication of the intense homophobia in the field from the 1960s to the 1990s.5 Proceeding from the above stated, heteronormativity has determined that unless the word gay is attached, marriage implies heterosexual marriage. Heterosexuality is the norm. Indeed, as Warner (1993) pointed out, "humanity and heterosexuality are synonymous."6 This notion of heterosexuality goes far beyond the institutions that marginalize and punish any relationship viewed as other. In this vein, heterosexuality is, of itself, a social and political organizing principle.7 Intrinsically linked to the structures of male dominance, heterosexuality can be viewed as a dictatorial patriarchal institution.8 Rich described this culture of compulsory heterosexuality as a powerful cluster of forces within which women have been convinced of the inevitability of both marriage and sexual orientation toward men. Thus, there have been very few attempts to explain how an individual develops a heterosexual orientation.9 Research into the development of heterosexuality is limited by the belief that it is natural and when it focuses upon homosexuality, persistently views it as deviant. Thus, implicit in discussions about sexual orientation is the notion that heterosexuality is both normal and mentally healthy, and that non-heterosexuals are abnormal and psychologically disabled.10 In direct relation to the homosexual/heterosexual categories, Rothblum (2000) pointed out that in a categorical definition of sexual orientation behavior, desire, and identity are assumed to be congruent.11 This is disputed by research.

Professional plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional plan - Essay Example augmenting my ability to provide better healthcare to elderly patients through specializing in Geriatric medicine as it shows my respect for the dignity of human life and protection of the rights and ability of the elderly to live a healthy satisfied life. Further, I would like to achieve a point where I will be in a position to influence the decisions on patient care as a member of the nursing care committee to ensure these decisions positively influence the satisfaction and recovery process of the patients. I would like to be involved with nursing profession organizations including American Nursing Association (ANA), American Academy of Nursing, American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACCN), American Nursing Informatics Association (ANIA), and American Association for the History of Nursing (AAHN) (Finkelman & Kenner, 2010). The main reasons for the choice to be a member of these organizations is due to the provision of an avenue to be notified of conventions, it will aid me keep up with changes in nursing practices, provision of networking opportunities, and certification offered by these organizations showing commitment for improving nursing practice. Access to publications and new insights offered through these nursing organizations are the other reason for joining them as a measure of keeping up with changes and roles of a care provider in a dynamic and changing health care environment. There are different avenues through which I will use to augment my education and skills for the better performance of duties and responsibilities in the course of my job and enhance my ability to rise in the profession and achieve my career goals (Masters, 2005). This include attending seminars and conferences that have a high ability to expand my knowledge and abilities, especially that deal with administration and patient care. Webinars is the other avenue available for me to ensure my skills and education is augmented in the coming years as it offers few courses

Physicians Assisted Suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Physicians Assisted Suicide - Research Paper Example Therefore, it transpires that in the case of physician-assisted suicide, the elements of alleviation of pain and suffering or infeasibility of further treatment are not deemed mandatory. Though ancient Greek culture has recognized this practice on the grounds of rationality, it finally appears to have assumed a religious morality angle under the patronage of the Christian church, which ascribes a â€Å"sinful nature to suicide† (Lachman 121). In the modern day, a controversy exists on the topic because while some people argue that an individual reserves the right to end his or her life, others contend that aiding or assisting a person to commit suicide amounts to abetting murder. A. Purpose of the Paper: This paper attempts to explore the topic in detail, with specific reference to it legal, moral and social responsibility contexts and to analyze whether an extreme measure of physician assisted suicide can be accepted as a standard norm in a civilized society. In doing so, the paper will examine the practical implication of the issue both on the society as well as an individual, who seeks to end his or her life due to some reason and rationale. B. ... C. Background Information on the Topic: The claim to individual’s rights or autonomy is a tenable proposition and a patient’s right to choose between life and death, especially when he or she suffers from some incurable health condition, needs to be honored. However, religious notions and moral values imbibed in a civilized society forbid the voluntary termination of a life. Thus, the question of the validity and legality of sanctioning physician-assisted suicide as a standard practice has become a matter of high controversy. Generally, patients with terminal health conditions such as AIDS, cancer etc are the ones who request to â€Å"hasten death† and it becomes an emotional and moral dilemma for the healthcare professionals (121). Research evidence from Oregon suggests that nearly â€Å"1 of 1,000† patients â€Å"obtain and use† medication to terminate their lives while â€Å"17%† of them have considered it as a viable option (123). Thus, i t appears that despite the reservation about ending of life by terminally ill patients, on the grounds of religious beliefs and morality, many choose it as a favorable option in states that legalize physician-assisted suicide. Therefore, there is scope for an in depth analysis and exploration of various legal aspects of the issue. In addition, I also have personal experience from within my community, wherein I have seen one neighbor suffering from breast cancer. Her condition remained so painful that she kept asking her husband and children to have her life terminated through PAS. It was also difficult for her family to keep up with her, without compromising their daily commitments. Her husband was a sales executive in a big

Worst engineering disasters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worst engineering disasters - Essay Example Requirements for Presentation 8. You are to submit a verbal and visual presentation to inform /teach the class 9. Professional presentation methods are expected. 10. Each presentation is expected to be 15 minutes long. Consider some of the following information for your presentation and reports.Who was the A/EWhat do other architects think of the structureHow does the architecture fit in with the surrounding architecture or environmentWhy were particular materials usedWhat were some of the methods of construction used that were covered in classWhat sort of construction/architectural innovations does it haveWhat are some of the constraints of the materials used / the design/ the site of the buildingHow has the structure been altered over the yearsHow have the materials/design stood up to the test of timeWhat would you have done differently if you were the Owner or A/E or Developer 1.0 Overview of Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse The Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas, Missouri was a building composed of a 40-story tower, an atrium and a function block. Construction began in 1978 but was only completed only in July 1980. Architectural design called for three suspended walkways spanning the 37-m distance between the tower and the function block. Actual construction resulted to the 3th floor and 4th floor walkway hanging from the ceiling. The 2nd floor walkway was directly below the 4th floor walkway and was hanged from the latter so as to simplify construction. (Gibble, 1986) With just over a year in operation, the Hyatt Regency Hotel would be the venue for one of the most catastrophic structural collapse in U.S. history. On the 17th of July, 1981, almost 2000 people gathered in the atrium to watch a local radio...Actual construction resulted to the 3th floor and 4th floor walkway hanging from the ceiling. The 2nd floor walkway was directly below the 4th floor walkway and was hanged from the latter so as to simplify construction. (Gibble, 1986) With just over a year in operation, the Hyatt Regency Hotel would be the venue for one of the most catastrophic structural collapse in U.S. history. On the 17th of July, 1981, almost 2000 people gathered in the atrium to watch a local radio station's dance competition. The 4th, 3rd and 2nd walkways were gradually jam-packed with people as they watch the activity in the lobby below which was also full of people. At about 7:05 PM, a loud crack echoed throughout the building followed by the crashing of the 2nd and 4th floor walkways to the ground. Official figures of casualties were 114 dead and 200 injured. Figure 1 shows pictures of the site of the collapse and the third walkway still intact. (State of Missouri, 1985) The original structural engineering drawings for the Hyatt project stated that the three walkways spanning the atrium area of the hotel were to be built using W16x26 wide flange beams along either side of the walkway and were hung from a box beam made from two MC8x8.5 rectangular channels, welded toe-to-toe.

Psychological Assessment I, II, III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychological Assessment I, II, III - Essay Example He was generally cooperative and seemed to give his best efforts to the tasks presented to him. It was apparent that it was easy for him to understand and respond to questions and his thought processes were mostly focused and clear, except in providing information about his past, which were sometimes incomplete and vague. When he did poorly, he became self-critical, annoyed and appeared slightly anxious. For example, in some items in the Boston Naming test, he would stare at the picture for some time before naming it, and when he realizes that he was wrong, would say, â€Å"Stupid, stupid, how hard could that be!† while pounding on the table. Dr. Anoxia was born in Wisconsin to a father who was a teacher and a mother who was a bookkeeper. When he was eight years old, his family had to move to New York because his father has accepted a teaching post in a school in Queens. When he was seventeen, his father died of a heart attack. Four years later, his mother died of cancer. According to him, he pursued graduate studies in Economics in her honor. He met his wife while attending graduate school at the New York University in 1963. Together, they raised three children who are currently successful professionals. The break-up of his marriage began when all the children have grown and left home to live their independent lives. He finally had a divorce after 22 years of marriage. His father, being a teacher had a great influence on his academic performance, expecting nothing short of excellence from him. His father’s mentoring made him excel in high school both in academics and in sports, specifically Golf. His above average school records earned him a spot at the University of Vermont where he graduated in 1957 with a bachelor’s degree in Economics. Upon graduation, he was hired by one of his professors to be one of the researchers for a government-funded study. The challenge and success he derived from his work inspired

European Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

European Financial Crisis - Essay Example It did this for years and no country raised a hand to punish Germany. The financial crisis started back in 2007 characterized by a long phase of quick credit growth, low risk premiums, profuse liquidity and the growth of real estate bubbles. Overstretched leveraging made financial institutions susceptible to corrections in asset markets, according to Kolb (113). The parties that carry the most responsibility for the European economic crisis in the financial sector were banks. Banks in Europe had invested heavily in extremely complex, opaque and highly priced financial products (Van Den Noord 12). Many banks became uncertain of the credit worthiness of their counterparts who had engaged in such investments. This virtually resulted in the closure of the interbank market with risk premiums soaring on interbank loans. As a consequence, the banks faced grave challenges in rolling over their short term debt. In Ireland, for example, the banking system achieved exceptional growth thereby creating external debts far beyond the country’s gross domestic product. In the government sector, the structure of the Eurozone was widely to blame for the economic crisis. The zone uses one currency, and in the absence of fiscal union, the ability of leaders to respond adequately remained quite limited (Van Den Noord 23). Different countries failed to abide by the fiscal paths or requirements of the union. Governments are also to be blamed for the crisis considering that they did not deal with their over expenditure before the situation got out of control. In Greece, for instance, the government made great commitments to its public workers and gave them huge pension benefits and wages. Governments also borrowed so much from banks. The Eurozone financial problem is a detachment of a global problem. The global problem is all about lack of equilibrium between the private sector

Debut novel by Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

Debut novel by Benjamin Franklin Essay Hawk, a debut novel by William Wallis (a poet) was published by `The Publisher` last 2006 with a 158 pages. Its genre is Fiction or Autobiographical. Hawk is the first novel written by the author that has won the 2006 Benjamin Franklin Award in Fiction that is given annually by Publisher’s Marketing Association (an organization composed of around 4,000 independent publishers. It appeared last August 14, 2006 issue of â€Å"Publishers Weekly†, in the Benjamin Franklin Award segment of PMA`s advertisement. He has a plan to publish three more stories that has a relation with his first novel. BODY The novel narrates about a story of family and survival while combining Southern traditional literary and contemporary expression. Maintaining the image of a poet and at the same time as a novelist, Wallis was able to recount a perception of life on earth by a seven-year-olds’ eyeWill Falke, the leading character of his novel. Perplexing introductory events made the story more appealing to the readers. Chronicles of conventional childhood experiences of Will Falke is one of the focuses of the novel. His pains and disappointments on the stage of his growth through which is spent mostly in Monticello, Arkansas, during the early 1950`s molded him to become a Adika, pg 2 tough person. Having suffered and survived tough problems has not necessarily pushed Will to prefer to be in a place other than his hometown. The state where the central character lives is enclosed by a half-dozen other neighboring southern states, in which we can relate on how the characters in this story are interlinked. William Wallis, as a Southern writer keenly described one of the major preoccupancy of Southern America which is survival, both enduring and prevailing. Will Falke, born in the year of the fifties have experienced the both negative and positive side of his existence in this world. He lost his eye; he has endured the vicious pain of punishments from his cruel and brutal father; he has to stay sturdy in spite of the mocking and humiliations of his schoolmates, and a mother who is so weak to continuously strive to live in order to protect him and his family. These are the examples of him being cursed. On the contrary, there are also things aside from troubles that can still be a reason for Will to hold on and can be considered as a blessing. Significant characters like Alma, a nurse with a good heart that taught him to read; Ruth, Will’s frail mother where he got his passion for classical music and singing and he also learned the lyrics of classical music from a Jew pal; Tyree, his gentle neighbor that skilled him to play chess and gave him the gift of friendship; and even simple things like a family farm that taught him to learn the ways of nature just like how his indignant father trained him to be resilient; he is cared and very much loved by women, and lastly, he has eventually learned liberty and freedom like a â€Å"Hawk. † Adika, pg 3 On my point of view, this novel is so heartily written by the author that has the capacity to move the hearts of the reader through the varying well-hanging events and experiences as well as emotions that we could easily relate with. Every experience of Will, every struggle regarding his parents, sisters, and the other people that were dear to him has rendered complex scenario of bravery and the true value of a family. He has not only portrayed the classic or typical outlook of love of a family member but exhibited with honesty and mixture of artistry the true meaning of selfless and ‘Christ-like’ love—full of bravery and hope.

Overview Of Aloe Vera

Overview Of Aloe Vera Aloe Vera is known as a TRUE ALOE. It is mostly used in herbal medicines so it is also known as FIRST AID PLANT or MEDICINAL PLANT. The ALOE word was derived from the aerobic word-alloeh which means BITTER SUSSTANCES. Aloe is an emollient resin with the softening properties. It belongs to family Liliaceae [1]. 1.1.1 HISTORY:- Aloe vera was considered to one of best medicinal plants used in the treatment of various health conditions. It was first understood by Egyptians to having multiple nature of it properties [19]. But Aloe Vera was first discovered in 1862 by German Egyptologist -George Fbers. But its first English translation was found in 1655 by John Goodyear in Dioscorider de materia medica, and he wrote aloe is very better in taste. Aloe Vera has been used by many different cultures: Indians, Chinese, Greeks, Romans, have all used aloe Vera as a medicinal or healing plant. Botanists have find more than 300 species of aloe Vera like rumex, barbadensis etc. Out of this species, only five have strongest medical benefits likes Aloe barbadensis miller, Aloe perryi baker, Aloe ferox,Aloe saponaria , Aloe arborescens. Aloe barbadensis miller is mostly widely used and most potent as well. Throughout the history of aloe vera, the plant is in various form having tropical properties-refered as plant of immorality. It is belonging to lily family because flower produce annually in the spring which resembles of ester lily. [1-2]. 1.1.2 COMMON NAME:- Chinese aloe, True aloe, Indian aloe, First aid plant, Medicinal plant, Miracle plant ,Barbadose aloe, Burn aloe and many more [1]. 1.1.3 SCIENTIFIC NAME:- Aloe barbadensis, Aloe capensis [1]. 1.1.4 ALTERNATIVE NAME:- Aloe Vera has a different name in worldwide like, In India-Ghrtakumari But in Gujarat and Rajasthan its known as Gwarpatha,In Pakistan-quargandal which is used in unani medicine,In Indonesia-lidah buaya,In Thailand- crocodile tail plant,In south Africa-sabila [2]. 1.1.5 DESCRIPTION:- Aloe Vera grows in to the dreary climates or land. So it is mostly found in the India, Africa, Caribbean, and other dry climates. Aloe Vera is a short stem or stems less plant. It mainly contains leaves and flowers. Aloe leaves are in green in colour and thick with the same variety. The size of leaves is 50-60 cm long and 4-5 cm thick. The margin of the leaves is serrated. But plants bear flowers once in a year in summer season. Flowers contain tubular collar which is yellow in colour and contain aloe tic juice can be collected by cutting the leaves close to stem. The structure of aloe leaf shows an outer cortex which is hard duo to the present of calcium and magnesium. Tubes of xylem and phloem were found below the cortex and its supplied water and minerals to leaves [1]. 1.2 CHEMICAL CONSTITUTE:- Aloe Vera has weird medicinal properties. Botanists have found more than 200 important nutritional constituents in aloe Vera leaf which having to perform a function. They are MINERALS like Calcium, Sodium, Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Manganese (Essentials for bones, Regulates acidic or alkaline level of body fluid), VITAMINS like Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid(To develop new blood cells), ENZYMES like lipase, Peroxidise (Helps indigestion), SUGAR like Monosaccharides and polysaccharides include Sucrose, lactose(Maintain cholesterol level, Improve the strengthening of bones),LIGNINS which are the Cellular substances which hasnt medicinal benefits But it has an accessing property. AMINO ACID which are required by human body provided by aloe Vera like Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Theonine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylamine, STEROL like Camp sterol, sitosterol(Pain killing properties),ANTHRAQUINONES like Aloin, Anthranol, Aloetic acid, Barbaloin, Isobarbaloin and Aloe emodin Aloe emodine [4] Aloin [3] And OTHERS like Salicylic acid,Tannins,Monosulfonic acid, Acemannam,Water [1-2]. Aloes Vera mainly contain 96-99% of water and constitutes are in rare part. So its work in based on SYNERGISTIC ACTIONS which means working together of two or more substance and give greater action as compare to single substance. This phenomenon was explained by Dr.Atherton [1-2]. 1.3 CULTIVATION OF ALOE VERA [1-5]:- Aloe Vera grown commercially for its high demand in cosmetic industries and treatment of healing in India. It has medicinal properties due to its bitter taste. Aloe Vera grown in a rainless climates or land. Its cant stay in cold temperature. So it is grown in all part of South Africa and India like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and many more. Soil requirement for all species are coarse sandy loam soil with some fertility. In addition, it is noticed that its growth was easier and faster in black cotton soil in central India with the nearly by acidic ph. For the perfect growth of Aloe Vera, lane should not distribute below the level of 20-30cm. Aloe Vera need a flat land and should be exact level with 2-3 farming. Plant should plant with some distance because of irrigation. Distance between two fields was 10m X 3m. The proper time of suckers should be planted in month of July-August in monsoon season because suckers get proper water to grow up and survival. Suckers should have 3-4 mouth old having 3-4 leaves and 20-22 c long. About 30,000 suckers needed for one hectare planting. After planting suckers, soil around the root should press and waste must be made proper to avoid the sluggishness. Irrigation is necessary a critical stage to proper growth of plant. First irrigation is required after planting suckers followed by 4-6 per year which is reducing by every time. Weeding should be carried out after planting the plant and two or three weeding carried out throughout year. All the species of Aloe Vera are insusceptible to most of insects and pests from any part of county. But sometime bugs, leaves dots have been reported in some part of country because of light irrigation. Generally yield obtained from 2 to 5 year after plating. Average yield after 2 year is around 15-20 t/ha fresh leaves. Well managed irrigated crop give around 30-35 t/ha fresh leaves. Fully well developed leaves give an ALOE JUICE. After harvesting, marketing of Aloe Vera leaves is not fully developed in our country. 1.4 USES:- Aloe Vera is well known for its medicinal properties since centuries. The plant is able to cure a wide range of disease. The part of plant like leaves, leaf gel is used clinically. Some respective uses of Aloe Vera are (1) EXTERNAL USES-Use in treatment of burns, allergic reaction, wounds,acne,Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatic fever, Acid indigestion cuts, Inflammatory condition of digestive system, Sun burn ulcers, Kill mould,bacteria,viruses,fungus,Wrinkles etc (2)COMMERCIAL USE: Aloe Vera is widely use in cosmetics and many more like in ointments,pills,jelly,lotion,bevareges.as a foodstuff etc [1-6]. (3)MEDICINAL USE-They are Treatment of diabetes because it reduce blood sugar, Treatment of AIDS, Protect from lung cancer, Aloe juice is used for consumption issues, Prevent fungal infection, Prevent vaginal infection, Prevent scarring,Eczema,Constipation,Intestinal infection, Relieves from candiala,Treatment of hyperglycaemia, Maintain level of cholesterol, Injection of Aloe Vera extracts to treat cancer, Skin disorder. And some of general use like Antibacterial properties, Antifungal properties, and Prevent radiation induced injuries, Inhibit growth of streptococcus species in vitro [1-6]. 1.4.1 ALOE PREPARATIONS: some of the aloe preparation which are widely use like aloe vera shampoo, aloe vera lotion, aloe vera gel, aloe vera juice, aloe vera eating, aloe vera butter, aloe vera dried herbs powders, aloe vera shower gel, and aloe vera vegetarian capsules [1]. 1.4.2 SIDE EFFECT AND SAFETY PRECAUTION: Aloe Vera has a medicinal or healing properties, it does come with some disadvantage. Aloe Vera gel, aloe Vera cream does not having major side effect but other preparation like juice, shampoo butter, having certain impediment like, Diarrhea,Blood electrolyte imbalance, Constipation, Muscle weakness, Abnormal heart rhythms [7]. Aloe Vera injection is to be avoided because of having fatalities. It can cause death with cancer patients Aloe Vera should be avoided while pregnancy, children, breast feeding [7]. ALPHA-GLUCOSIDES INHIBITORS: 1.5 INTRODUCTION TO ALPHA-GLUCOSIDE ENZYME: It is a class of a medication for type-2 diabetes which decrease blood sugar level by decreasing carbohydrates from the intestinal. Discovery of alpha-glucosides inhibitors has been very useful to develop therapeutic for the treatment for the carbohydrate- mediated disease like diabetes. Two classes of drugs like glycosidase inhibitors and lipase inhibitors which lower blood glucose by changing the absorption level of fat and carbohydrates [8-9]. Alpha glucosides inhibitors like acarbose, miglitol, voglibose have been studies in Europe country but some of these are also available in united state [8]. Alpha -glucosidase inhibitors reduce the impact of carbohydrates blood sugar by inhibit the upper level of gastrointestinal [8]. 1.5.1 MECHANISM OF ACTION: Alpha glucosides inhibitors are competitive inhibitors of 1alpha glucosidase which are located in the brush border of small intestinal (epithelial cells). These inhibitors bind to the oligosaccharide binding site of the enzyme and delay digestion of polysaccharide resulting slow down food digestion in gut [10]. While the gastrointestinal tract dose not play a important role in the cure of diabetes, but changing its physiological activity can be used to control disease. In these case alpha-glucosides inhibitors are used. Alpha glucosides delay digestion of carbohydrates by hydrolyses of oligosaccharides into monosaccharide. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors can be used to reduce glycemic excussions and hypoglycaemia having type-1 diabetes. Moreover it is used in the treatment of patients with type-2 diabetes and its decrease plasma triglyceride [11]. Alpha glucosides inhibitors have evidence helpful for the people with diabetes who havent able to keep their blood sugar level within a safe range. In such case inhibitors like acarbose and miglitol help to keep the blood sugar level in safe range by slowing a rate of intestinal which absorbed sugar from blood while eating. These inhibitors can cause low blood sugar while used in combination with other medication for diabetes or with insulin. Diabetic people who are regularly using insulin but once they are use alpha glucosidase inhibitors than they reduce use of insulin [12]. CHAPTER- 2 HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. 2.1 INTRODUCTION: Chromatography is the separation of a mixture into single components by using mobile and stationary phase. High performance liquid chromatography is widely use in analytical chemistry and industrial level to identify components. It is one of the fastest growing techniques in pharmaceutical industry for analysis of mixture os substance. It is also knows as high pressure liquid chromatography. It is a high improved as compare to column chromatography. Smaller particle size cans (3-20ÂÂ µ) be analysed by hplc and allows much better separation of a components. Detection method is used in hplc which are highly automated and extremely sensitive as compare to column chromatography [13-14]. Some of the advantage over column chromatography is, (a) small stationary phase are used with widely range available, (b) column which are used in hplc which are made up of metal and small in size so no fear to breakage, (c) hplc is available in analytical and preparative scale. But some of disadvantage over column chromatography like cost of equipment is high so handle with care, operating pressure is high (500-3000 psi)[14]. Basic principle is base on adsorption. When a mixture of components is introduced in to column, they are travel according to their affinity. The components which has a more affinity towards adsorbent, travel slower and vice versa [14]. ÂÂ ®NORMAL PHASE HPLC: Here, stationary phase is polar in nature and mobile phase is non polar in nature. In this method non polar components eluted first because of less affinity. The column is fitted with a silica gel and hexane used as a solvent. Column length is 150-250 mm and less than 4.6 mm diameter [13-14]. ÂÂ °REVERSE PHASE HPLC: Here, stationary phase is non polar and mobile phase is polar in nature. Polar components eluted first. Column size is same but modify to make a non polar by using long chain of hydrocarbons like C8,C12,C4,octadecyl and mixture of water and alcohol use as a solvent. In this case strong attraction between polar solvent and molecular in the mixture passed through column. So it is common phase of hplc [13-14]. 2.2TYPES OF HPLC TECHANIQES: -There are major four type of hplc as below, (1)Partition chromatography: In 1952, Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge were awarded a Noble prize in chemistry to development of these techniques. So it is first techniques which developed for the separation of components like amino acid. These chromatography principles are also applied to the thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography to separates the components. (2) Adsorption chromatography: The main hplc principle is based on adsorption. Here components can be separated because of difference in affinity of components towards normal or reverse phases [14]. (3) Ion exchange chromatography: It is most frequently used chromatography for the separation and purification of protein, nucleic acid, polypeptides, and other charged molecular. It is a succeful technique because of its high capacity, simplicity, and high resolution power. The main principle is base on reversible exchange of ions between ion present in the solution and those present in ion exchange resin [15]. ÂÂ ®Cation exchange:- Solid-H+ + M+ === solid-M+ + H+ (Solution) (Solution) ÂÂ ®Anion exchange: Solid-OH- + A- ==== solid-A- + OH- (Solution) (Solution). [14] Separation in ion exchange chromatography depends upon reversible adsorption of charged solute molecular to ion exchange group of opposite charge. Some of the functional group used in ion exchange chromatography is [16], NAME OF ANION FUNCTION GROUP Diethyl amino ethyl -O -CH2-CH2-N+H(CH2CH3)2 Quatemary amino ethyl -O-CH2-CH2-N+H(C2H5)2-CH2CHCH-CH3 NAME OF CATION FUNCTION GROUP Carboxymethyl -O-CH2-COO- SULPHOPROXY -O-CH2-CHOH-CH2-O-CH2-CH2SO3- (4)Size exclusion chromatography: It is also know as a gel chromatography. In 1959, Porath and Flodin described the separation of water soluble components by this chromatography. As soon as gel had commercially available, they were extensively used for the separating purpose [17]. Here gel used as molecular sieve and hence mixture of substance with different molecular sieze are separated. Soft gel like dextran, polyacrylamide are used [14]. It is used to analysis of synthetic polymers and oligomes, lipids, natural macromolecular like protein, glucose, cellulose derivatives, and crude oil alkenes [17]. HPLC techniques also has two different class like (a) analytical HPLC-it is used when analysis very small amount of sample are needed. And (b) preparative HPLC- it is used when separation of few gram of mixture by HPLC. But it is also can classified on base of separation and there are (a) analytical HPLC: Where only analysis of the samples is done. Recovery of the samples for reusing is normally not done, since the sample used is low. Eg. mg quantities. And other is (b) preparative HPLC: Where the individual fractions of pure compounds can be collected using fraction collector. The collected samples are reused eg. Separation of few grams of mixtures by HPLC [14]. 2.3 INSTRUMENTATION [13-14]: Brief introduction of instrumental techniques are as follows, (1)PUMP: Mechanical and pneumatic pump are used in hplc. Mechanical pump operates with constant flow rate where pneumatic pump operates with constant pressure. Its necessary to use pump because solvent must passed through column at high pressure. (2) SOLVENT DEGASSING: In isocratic techniques, mobile phase are prepared by using mixture of solvents, than passed through column with under high pressure resulting bubble formed, so it cannot give proper result or steady baseline. So before using solvent mixture in HPLC, degassing is necessary. So some of degassing technique is use like ultrasonication. HPLC (3)COLUMN: -Two types of column used in HPLC, ÂÂ ® Guard column: It is also known as safety column. Any impurities present in solvent or mobile phase which can predict by guard column. ÂÂ ®Analytical column: It widely use which can decided efficiency of separation. Different column size is available depending upon separation. Column made up of stainless stell, glass, poly ether ether kiton etc. (4)DETECTORS: -They are (a)UV detectors: Many organic compounds absorbed UV light of different wavelength. Two type of UV detectors are available depends on wavelength- short wavelength and long wavelength. By UV detector we can get direct reading is how much light is observed. (b) Flurometric detectors: It can be used for the substance which can absorbed florescence light. (c) Conductivity detectors (d) Refractive detectors (e)PDA detectors which are similar to UV detectors. (5)RECORDER: They are used to recorded response from detectors. It can record base line and retention time of peak. Now a day computer is used to recording data. 2.4 HPLC PARAMETERS: 2.4.1 INTERNAL DIAMETER: Internal diameter of the hplc column play an important role in detection or separation of compounds. For the laboratory use small column was used but in industrial level big column was used. 2.4.2 RETENTION TIME: it is a defined as a time between point of injection and appearance of peak. It measure in minute or seconds. 2.4.3 RETENTION VOLUME: Retention volume in the volume of mobile phase required eluting 50% of the compounds from the column, Retention time = Retention time.Flow rate. 2.4.4 PUMP PRESSURE: Pumps which are used in hplc very in pressure depends on separation. Modern HPLC system has been improved to work at high pressure so they are able to separate small particle size from mixture. 2.4.5 THEORETICAL PLATE: It is a functional unit of the column. Distribution of solute between stationary phase and mobile phase has attained equilibrium in the plate. High of the plate depends on efficiency of separation. It is knows as a HETP(HIGHT EQUIVELENT TO THEORITICAL PLATE). If HETP is less, than column is more efficient and if HETP is more, than column is less efficient. HETP is given by Van Deemter equation HETP = A + (B/u ) + Cu Where, A = Eddy diffusion term or multiple path diffusion which arises due to packing of the column. This is unaffected by mobile phase velocity or flow rate. This can be minimised by uniformity in packing. B = Longitudinal diffusion term or molecular diffusion which depends on flow rate. C = Effect of mass transfer which depends on flow rate. u = Flow rate or velocity of the mobile phase. 2.5 APPLICATION OF HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography has a large divergence of application. Initially it was just used to analysed antibiotic, vitamins by development of reverse phase [18]. High performance liquid chromatography can analysed very minor amount of substance like monograms at analytical scale to micrograms at preparative scale. It is used in a food analysis, biotechnology, biochemical separation, pharmaceutical field, and chemical industries like dyes, fatty acid, toiletry products [14].High performance liquid chromatography has a easy and good reproducibility so it has been widely use in clinical laboratory. One of the initially application of hplc in the field of clinical was quantification of theophyline in asthmatic infant [18]. Some of important applications are as likes,(a) Isolation of natural product,(b)Quantitative analysis or assay of product,(c)Identify, analysing and purification of compound mixture,(d)To check purity of compound mixture,(e) To find physical properties of compounds,(f)Used in analysing water pollution [18]. The quantity of amount is also determined by hplc which including following method [14], ÂÂ ® By comparing standard and sample peak area, the quantity of sample can be determined which is known as a DIRECT COMPRISION METHOD. ÂÂ ® To find concentration of sample by plotting graph between peak area vs. concentration of the standard drug and intrapolation of unknown sample which is known as CALIBRATION METHOD. Hplc play an important role in drug discovery with the combination of NMR. It is also useful to identify various chemical species with the combination with mass spectroscopy. It play valuable role in therapeutic drug monitoring to separation of drug from plasma which is quick process [14]. It has some advantages over other chromatography like, (a) Thin layer chromatography is inexpensive but it cant give batter resolution to compare HPLC. (b) Mass spectroscopy required a large capacity of maintain budget and skillfull person to run chromatography but in HPLC its not high budgt. (c) For the HPLC we have large number of mobile phase is available so we have versatility in choice of mobile phase as compare to other chromatography. (d) Atomatic injection system are available in HPLC, so its time saving and give high resolution as compare to other [20]. 2.6 LIMITATION OF HPLC: It is a time consuming method. Analysis of the compound mixture, mobile phase (mixture of components) are used resulting large amount of waste solution are obtained [14]. CHAPTER- 3 EXTERIMENT 3.1 AIM: The aim of project was to known batter separation of standard solution of Aloe Vera stem in mobile phase by using isocratic hplc techniques and find enzyme activity on it by using assay whether it is more potent or less potent. 3.2 CHROMATOGRAPHY EQUIPMENTS: 3.2.1 HPLC SYSTEM: This system is manufactured by Agilent technology 1200 series with model no G1310A and serial no DE62956545. 3.2.2 SOFTWEAR USED: The software used was Microsoft Windows XP. 3.2.3 COLUMN USED: The column used was Kromaril 5C18 which is made up of stainless still. 3.2.4 APPARATUS USED: Pipette with different size available like 1000land 5000ÂÂ µl, Analytical balance, Volumetric flask (10ml, 20ml), Funnel, 100ml Beaker, Measuring cylinder (500ml, 50ml, 20ml,10ml),Filter paper which made by Fischer scientific with size 0.45ÂÂ µm, Filter holder made up of pyrex brand glass. 3.2.5 PREPARATION OF MOBILE PHASE: The mobile phase used was a mixture of a methanol and water with ratio of 50:50. So take methanol and water, mix well, and filter to remove any solid particle followed by degassing to remove air bubble. Than it is ready for experiment. We are using isocratic system so mobile phase may vary in concentration like, 20:80, 30:70. 3.2.6 PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION OF ALOE VERA: The standard solution of aloe vera stem was provided by Dr.solomon sir and after that i have to dilute in methanol to make up volume to 0.40mg/2ml. 3.3PROCEDURE: First set up the hplc system and run with mobile phase for half an hours. Than inject standard solution of aloe Vera stem and run for half an hours, take the graph. Now change the concentration of mobile phase and again repeat same procedure until you get batter separation. Then compare all graphs with each other and reach to conclusion. Here we were using two different wavelengths like 280nm and 360nm. 3.5 ASSAY: Assay technique was used to determined enzyme activity of a substance. Here we were using alpha-glucosidase enzyme. Basic principle involved in assay was, phosphate buffer contain free radical which has no colour but when it come across with standard solution, retain its colour after incubation. So colour change like colourless to yellow colour took place. SOLUTION USED IN ASSAY: Here we have to prepare solution for the assay was 25ÂÂ µl, 1.2 U/ml alpha-glucosidase, 25 ÂÂ µl of phosphate buffer, standard solution of aloe vera, 25 ÂÂ µl of 2.5 mM pNPG and finally if proper colour change was not occur than add terminating solution 100 ÂÂ µl of 0.2 M Na2Co3. 3.5.1 PROCUDURE: 1 2 3 4 E 1 2 3 4 5 6 BLANK Concentration in raw at no 1-0.50mg/ml, raw no 2- 0.25mg/ml, raw no 3- o.125mg/ml, and raw no 4- 0.0625mg/ml. Here all the column from 1 to 6 filled by 25ÂÂ µl,1.2 U/ml alpha-glucosidase, then add 25ÂÂ µl of phosphate buffer , add 25ÂÂ µl of test solution, and finally add 25ÂÂ µl of 2.5 mM pNPG. And then transfer 2.5ÂÂ µl solution from low concentration to high concentration. Than kept mixture for some time and incubate plate at 37ÂÂ °C for 10 min. and tested absorbance.

Trends of Internet Health Care

Trends of Internet Health Care What is Internet Health Care? Technology has changed forever the way consumers perceive healthcare. the internet is utilized by millions of user to perform daily life activities such as shopping, bills paying, communication with colleagues or family members, dating, and now health care (Bau, 2001). In the past, only physicians were the source and provider of health care information and services to their patients (Hesse all, 2005). Also most information pertaining to health was only accessible in libraries, through medical books. In this new age of advanced technology, the internet has become the go to tool for patients seeking health information as mild as flu symptoms to more serious and life threatening disease as cancer. As much as 72% of world-wide-web users seek health information though the internet (Pew 2012). â€Å"Health seekers† utilize this tool to learn more about their condition, seek new treatments, interact with others in the same situation, and get answers to questions at any given moment day or night. The internet is allowing its users access to a wealth of information, all that in the privacy of their homes and at less cost. The â€Å"informed consumers† are getting more and more involved in every aspect of their care and they want to participate in â€Å"shared decision-making† (Sunday, 2000). Internet health information seeking can help patients be better informed, which can lead to better health outcomes, a better utilization of health service resources, and a strong er physician-patient relationship (Kassier 2000; Murray et al 2003). But, health information on the Internet may be misleading or misinterpreted, compromising health behaviors and health outcomes, or resulting in inappropriate requests for clinical interventions (Eysenbach, Kohler, 2002; Murray et al 2003). To access the full potential of internet as a source of health information, physicians need to recognize the potentials of this technology, while being mindful of possible dangers to patients’ health (Powell all, 2003). What is the trend? Worldwide about 4.5% of all internet are health related (Morahan-Martin, 2004). In less than a quarter of century, the internet users grew from 42% to 81% (Fox Rainie 2014). Seventy two percent of U.S. adult reported looking for health or medical information online for themselves or for others at least once in the previous 12 months (Fox Duggan 2013). The internet not only is a research tool for those seeking information regarding their condition, bit is also a tool diagnosis tool for those searching for answers online. Indeed the 2012 Pew Research Center’s Internet American Life Project health survey revealed that among the health seekers, 35% were â€Å"health diagnosers† meaning people looking to find answers for specific medical conditions online themselves or relatives might have (Fox Duggan, 2013). Across studies, the general observation was that higher education levels was strongly correlated to higher rates of Internet use for health but internet use was not a function of household income (Jansen Spink 2006). Most of the online health seekers (77%) start their search from general search engine like Google or through medical web sites (13%) proving some specific health information (Fox Duggan 2013). These results are somewhat inconsistent with a more targeted study by Dickerson, Reinhart, Feeley, Bidani, Rich, Garg Hershey (2004) accessing patients internet behavior in three urban primary care clinics were the majority of the patient (73%) reported starting their search on a medical website. Half of the inquiries are on behalf of a loved one which translates to 39% of the online health seekers population (Fox Duggan, 2013). Often women (64%) would report searching the net for health information than male (53%) even though they equally access the internet (Fox Duggan, 2013). Why health seekers like the Internet? Seekers of online information always cite tree main reasons for going online. First, the Internet allows them to seek information at any hour; second, they can get a wealth of information and; finally, they can access the information anonymously (Fox Rainie, 2000). Seekers of online health information are of two kinds: those with a diagnosed chronic condition and those without (Dickerson et al., 2004). According to studies, they tend to have a different approach toward online information seeking. Indeed, multiple studies revealed that people that perceive themselves as being unhealthy tend to be more proactive at seeking online information that will help them get a better understanding of their condition, or to seek for second opinion, or seek advance treatment of their ailment (Fox Rainie,2000; Dickerson et al., 2004) . Most users actually attributed their improve understanding of health issues to the use of internet and some even went further admitting internet has impacted how they manage their health care needs and their choice of a health care professional (Jansen Spink, 2006). The internet is a powerful education tool and a great support to consumer looking to get more involved in their health care and participate in share decision making. Internet improves users understanding of their chronic condition, treatments for their chronic condition, or other symptoms, conditions, or treatments, effects decisions about health or health care or on use of the health care system. Potential benefits of online health information Online health information has the potential of improving patients’ participation in some aspects of their care and their interaction with the care giver (Baker, Wagner, Singer, Bundorf, 2003). Most users go to health sites for research and reference purposes. Physicians and patient alike use the internet for health information-seeking and communication purposes. Physicians glean the internet to keep up with the latest innovation in their field. It is also a way to connect with colleagues from all other the world as there are no borders restrictions on the World Wide Web. Few use it to communicate with their caregivers or to buy medicine. Most health seekers have been able to get the information they need without revealing personal information. Anonymity is another great benefit offered by the internet. Anyone can go online and look for any symptom or condition without revealing it identity. For extremely shy people or for embarrassing health conditions, the internet is a good alternative to understanding or treating the condition without getting exposed. According to studies Many are using the Web to gather information on behalf of family and friends. Those who are in excellent health often seek online materials to help someone else; those who are in less-than-excellent health are more likely to be hunting for information for themselves (Fox Rainie, 2000). The 2012 Pew health survey reported that about half of the internet health quests are on behalf of a loved one (Fox Duggan, 2012). In addition, Internet has been proven helpful in assisting caregivers in their ability to provide care to cope and support for the person in their care (Fox, Duggan, Purcell 2013). A Pew internet health tracking survey from August to September 2012 revealed that 24% of caregivers (adults ages 18+) surf the net for reviews on prescription drugs, 30% got information , care, and support from people with the same condition, as much as 46% went online for diagnosis, and 72% gathered health information online (Fox, Duggan, Purcell 2013) In general, health seekers use the internet to seek information on present or immediate medical condition. It is important to note that in most cases, in person visit with a physician precedes the seeking of online health information. Often, a diagnosis following a doctor visit always urges patients to seek online information in order to better understand their condition. But then again, the decision on when to meet with the physician depends on who the patient is. In general, health seekers looking for information on behalf of a loved one will go online after a doctor’s visit, while health seekers looking for self will go online before the doctor’s visit, so that they can actively participate. The Pew health survey reports that 53% of â€Å"online diagnoses† reported their online findings to their physician and 41% had their diagnosis confirmed (Pew, 2012). Those results contradict a study by Diaz et al (2002) conducted on primary internal medical private practi ce patients who reported that nearly 60% of the patient did not discuss their findings with their physicians. Second opinion seeking health seekers use the internet to get a second opinion.(develop on this) Interactive and E-connecting- (use the article on cancer) there are countless number of online support groups for nearly every disease and condition, with infinite discussion topics (Forkner-Dunn, 2003). But just as important as the information exchanged in these e-discussions is the emotional support they provide. Being able to interact with others that can relate to the seeker situation is a coping mechanism. â€Å"My coping mechanism was to learn as much as I could about my cancer and my treatment, and the most convenient avenue for this was the Internet† said Karen Parles a cancer patient. Indeed, patients reported being less stressed about their disease once they are able to communicate with others in similar condition. Karen Parles a lung cancer patient sated â€Å"because of the sheer numbers of patients online, I was able to find others just like myself, and I no longer felt like the only 38- year-old nonsmoker on the planet with lung cancer.† This wealth of per sonal experience and support can be recorded for future reference of patients, clinicians, or health care planners (Forkner-Dunn, 2003). E-monitoring –mentioned the internet is a tool that can be utilized to monitor patients conditions (Forkner-Dunn 2003). Chronic conditions like diabetes, heart diseases, and obesity can specially benefit from e-monitoring. Internet can facilitate home management of medical condition via monitoring devices. For instance, monitoring device testing blood glucose level are widely popular among diabetic patients and these devices connected to the internet can transmit real time results to patients care giver. Patients can also monitor and transmit their weight via e-scale or access their heart or respiratory rate using e-shirt (Forkner-Dunn, 2003). Internet and physician-patient relationship A study accessing the impact of the internet on physician- patient relationship by Murray et al (2003) found that most physicians agree that patient bringing information to the visit was beneficial to the physician-patient relationship, but negatively affected time efficiency. Moreover it had no effect on health the quality of care or the health outcome. Health information on the Internet may make patients better informed, leading to better health outcomes, more appropriate use of health service resources, and a stronger physician-patient relationship (Murray et al. 2003). The internet can have a positive outcome on patients and be the best support they can expect when facing life threatening condition. According to a cancer patient in one study â€Å"The Internet has impacted my relationship with my oncologists and my surgeon in a very positive way. I would say that the information I learn on the Internet enables me to ask different questions, to affect the agenda, and to feel involved in my care. Online support that I receive from other patients often relieves anxiety and resolves minor issues that I would otherwise raise with my doctors†(Penson et al 2002). Negatives and obstacles of internet health information Privacy violations Health seekers are scared of what may happen to their information online. There is the fear of having their online activities exposed. Anonymity is one of the reasons people get online. To date this is no enforced policies preventing health websites from keeping tract on online users’ activities and selling those data without users’ content. The absence of enforced policies to guarantee a safe navigation and patients’ privacy renders the internet unsafe for the most concerned patients. Based on the Pew Research Center’s Internet Project telephone survey from July 11-14, of 1,002 adults ages 18 and older, 86% of internet users have tried to use the internet in ways to minimize the visibility of their digital footprints, 55% of internet users have taken steps to hide from specific people or organizations (Rainie et al 2013). Specifically 21% of internet users have had an email or social networking account compromised or taken over by some one else without permission. 13% of internet users have experienced trouble in a relationship between them and a family member or a friend because of something the user posted online.12% of internet users have been stalked or harassed online. 11% of internet users have had important personal information stolen such as their Social Security Number, credit card, or bank account information. 6% of internet users have been the victim of an online scam and lost money. 6% of internet users have had their reputation damaged because of something that happened online. 4% of internet users have been led into physical danger because of something that happened online. 1% of internet users have lost a job opportunity or educational opportunity because of something they posted online or someone posted about them (Rainie et al 2013). Inaccurate, incredible and difficult to evaluate – few studies to date have been able to access the credibility, and accuracy of online health information. One major problem encounter by health seekers is that most of the information online is too general and outdated (Fox Rainie, 2000, Rice 2006). Based on previous studies results, internet health seekers find it hard to find what there are searching online, or could not fully comprehend the information, or the information was overwhelming or unreadable (Zeng et al. 2004; Berland et al., 2001 ). Health seekers are equally divided when it come to the credibility of the information online (Fox Rainie, 2000). The most common problems mentioned were: no new information, information too general, confusing interface/organization, and too much information to process (Rice, 2006). Another obstacle to expansion of online health is inequality. The lack of necessary technology some part of the population is very problematic. Many senior, minority, and lower-income patients will be excluded if online forms of intervention were to be implemented nationwide for lack of access. Previous studies reported (who use the internet). There is a possibility that the expansion of this technology might prove to worsen inequality in the distribution and delivery of care rather than ameliorate it (DiMaggio, Hargittai 2001). Previous works have also pointed out wide variations in the quality of information available on the Internet. Inaccurate or poorly targeted information can to poor treatment choices. An excess of extraneous, irrelevant, or invalid information can burden health care providers and lead to the provision of efficiently care (Baker, Wagner, Singer, Bundorf, 2003). An assessment of 121 websites on five common health topics to evaluate their credibility reported that only 24% of the sites met more than two-thirds of the published health guidelines for that health topic (Rice, 2006). Berland et al. (2001)also reported that Internet health information has an inadequate coverage of important medical information. Destroy physician- patient relationship – the search of information online can lead to unrealistic expectations (Penson et al. 2002). Patients scattering the internet for information or alternative treatments, getting their hopes up only to have their physician reject it for cause of inaccuracy or irrelevancy may get frustrated put tensions into the patient-physician relationship. Murray et al. (2003) find a correlation between physician refusals to approve inappropriate requests, patients’ satisfaction, and a lower index of quality; particularly in managed care. Physicians sometime feel as patients armed with online information are challenging their authority. This reaction was strongly associated with harms to the physician-patient relationship, quality of care, health outcomes, and time efficiency (Murray et al. 2003). Recommendations Suggestions include kitemarks (seals of approval) for quality Web sites, codes of conduct for development and content of Web sites, market forces, directing users to trusted Web sites, filters, rating instruments for users, and public education in evaluating the quality of online information (Murray et al. 2003) Directing users to trusted web sites – providers can proactive in identifying the best internet health source to direct their patients. Suggested trustworthy organizations by Diaz et al. (2002) are the Health on the Net Foundation (www.HON.ch),the Internet Healthcare Coalition (www.ihealthcoalition.org),and Health Internet Ethics (www.hiethics.org). Past studies show that up to 35% of the internet users do not share their results with physician (Pew, 2014). The main raison being that physician did not ask or did not give the impression of wanting to get involved. Physicians can best assist patients by inquiring about internet usage and by helping in finding reliable source of medical information (Diaz et al. 2002). Provide accurate, credible, Reliable Information– web sites aiming at providing internet information should thrive to assure accuracy, credibility, and reliability. Health information provided to patients ought to be useful, up to date, and must provide a list of sources that support the reliability of the information. Privacy– HIPPA requirement for health organization using health IT should apply to health information web sites. Patients’ privacy should be respected and should not be shared without authorization. Conclusion All major changes always face resistance before people can warm up to the idea and then follow the acceptation phase. Like the introduction to telephone in health care more than a century ago, introduction of the internet as a form of health care delivery will take time before it can be viewed as a tool that add value to medical practice.

The Automobile in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essays

The Automobile in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In modern society, most Americans own an automobile. In the wealthier households, a family of four may own as many as three to four automobiles, one for each driver living in the house. However, the automobile has not always been a staple of living in America.   In the 1940s, a family with an automobile was considered well-to-do, as well as wealthy and hard-working.   It is during this time period that Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, is set. Miller gives the reader a glimpse into the life of Willy Loman, and in doing so provides an intriguing insight into the common American family of the time. Willy Loman is the everyman, constantly pursuing the â€Å"American Dream.† Part of the â€Å"American Dream† constitutes owning an automobile, which the Lomans do.   However, the importance of the automobile in this play reaches far beyond ownership. In the first scene it is addressed when Willy’s wife Linda asks him worriedly if h e has smashed the car. In the closing scene, Willy commits suicide by smashing his car into a tree. In Death of a Salesman, the automobile plays a major role, functioning both as a symbol and a tangible manifestation of the â€Å"American Dream.†Ã‚      In the opening lines of Death of a Salesman, Linda Loman worries that something has â€Å"happened† to her husband Willy.   After Willy assures her that â€Å"nothing happened,† Linda asks, â€Å"You didn’t smash the car did you?†. This initial exchange sets up the significant role the automobile will have in the events of the play. In Linda’s mind, she instinctively makes the leap from a problem with Willy to a problem with the automobile. Although she is anxious about the state of the family car, Linda is not a materialistic or s... ...n depicts another outmoded character in a society on the brink of great social change.       Works Cited and Consulted:    Lhannon, Jr., W. T. Deliberate Speed: The Origins of a Cultural Style in the American 1950s. Washington: Smithsonian Inst. P., 1990.    Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Viking P, 1966.    Oakley, J. Ronald. God’s Country: America in the Fifties. New York: Dembner Books, 1990. 245.    Murphy, Brenda and Susan C. W. Abbotson. Understanding Death of a Salesman: A Student Handbook to Cases, Issues and Historical Documents. The Greenwood Press â€Å"Literature in Context† series, Claudia Durst Johnson, series editor. Westwood, CT, London: 1999.    Guth, Hans P. and Gabriel L. Rico.   1993.   Discovering Literature.   â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man† by Arthur Miller.   Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The Automobile in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essays The Automobile in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In modern society, most Americans own an automobile. In the wealthier households, a family of four may own as many as three to four automobiles, one for each driver living in the house. However, the automobile has not always been a staple of living in America.   In the 1940s, a family with an automobile was considered well-to-do, as well as wealthy and hard-working.   It is during this time period that Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, is set. Miller gives the reader a glimpse into the life of Willy Loman, and in doing so provides an intriguing insight into the common American family of the time. Willy Loman is the everyman, constantly pursuing the â€Å"American Dream.† Part of the â€Å"American Dream† constitutes owning an automobile, which the Lomans do.   However, the importance of the automobile in this play reaches far beyond ownership. In the first scene it is addressed when Willy’s wife Linda asks him worriedly if h e has smashed the car. In the closing scene, Willy commits suicide by smashing his car into a tree. In Death of a Salesman, the automobile plays a major role, functioning both as a symbol and a tangible manifestation of the â€Å"American Dream.†Ã‚      In the opening lines of Death of a Salesman, Linda Loman worries that something has â€Å"happened† to her husband Willy.   After Willy assures her that â€Å"nothing happened,† Linda asks, â€Å"You didn’t smash the car did you?†. This initial exchange sets up the significant role the automobile will have in the events of the play. In Linda’s mind, she instinctively makes the leap from a problem with Willy to a problem with the automobile. Although she is anxious about the state of the family car, Linda is not a materialistic or s... ...n depicts another outmoded character in a society on the brink of great social change.       Works Cited and Consulted:    Lhannon, Jr., W. T. Deliberate Speed: The Origins of a Cultural Style in the American 1950s. Washington: Smithsonian Inst. P., 1990.    Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Viking P, 1966.    Oakley, J. Ronald. God’s Country: America in the Fifties. New York: Dembner Books, 1990. 245.    Murphy, Brenda and Susan C. W. Abbotson. Understanding Death of a Salesman: A Student Handbook to Cases, Issues and Historical Documents. The Greenwood Press â€Å"Literature in Context† series, Claudia Durst Johnson, series editor. Westwood, CT, London: 1999.    Guth, Hans P. and Gabriel L. Rico.   1993.   Discovering Literature.   â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man† by Arthur Miller.   Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.